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A+P 2 > Lab Quiz 6 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lab Quiz 6 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q
  • includes the nose and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli
  • involves the processes of ventilation, and gas exchange
  • entire goal is to get oxygen in and get CO2 out
A

respiratory system

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2
Q

active and requires the diaphragm and intercostals muscles

A

inspiration

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3
Q
  • passive and relies on relaxation of lungs and heart
  • lungs recoil of their own accord due to their elasticity
A

expiration

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4
Q

projects from the face, mostly cartilage except for the bridge (nasal bones)

A

external respiratory system

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5
Q

nostrils lined with mucous membranes

A

external nares

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6
Q
  • the chamber that resides over the oral cavity, separated from mouth by hard palate
  • split into chambers by the vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid
A

internal nose

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7
Q

turbinate bones of the internal nose

A

superior, inferior, and inferior nasal conchae

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8
Q

from the posterior nares to the soft palate, contains pharyngeal tonsils and auditory tube openings

A

nasopharynx

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9
Q

from the soft palate to the hyoid bone, contains the palatine and lingual tonsils

A

oropharynx

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10
Q

area where the trachea and esophagus split

A

laryngopharynx

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11
Q

parts of the larynx

A
  • 9 cartilages
  • vocal chords
  • epiglottis
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12
Q

cartilagenous components of the larynx

A
  • 1 thyroid
  • 1 epiglottis
  • 1 cricoid
  • 2 arytenoids
  • 2 corniculate
  • 2 cuneiforms
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13
Q

are ligaments, which span the inside of the larynx, controlled by skeletal muscles vibrate and produce sounds

A

vocal chords

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14
Q

from nose to larynx

A

upper respiratory system

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15
Q

from larynx down into lungs

A

the lower respiratory tract

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16
Q
  • held open by C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
  • terminates as left and right primary bronchi
A

trachea

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17
Q

trachea terminates as

A

left and right primary bronchi

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18
Q

why are tracheal rings necessary

A

to conserve energy; so you don’t have to force it open each time you breathe

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19
Q

last tracheal cartilage, very sensitive, stimulates a strong cough reflex

A

carina

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20
Q

the coverings of the lungs and are arranged in two layers, parietal (outer) and visceral (inner)

A

pleura

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21
Q

secreted between the layers of the pleura to keep the friction low between them

A

serous fluid

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22
Q

what is lung collapse prevented by

A
  • negative intrapleural pressure
  • surfactant
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23
Q

puncturing the pleura results in

A

pneumothroax

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24
Q

where are the lungs located in the body

A

mediastinum

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25
Q

the left lung has how many lobes

A

2

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26
Q

the right lung has how many lobes

A

3

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27
Q

trachea subdivides into 2 primary bronchi that enter the lungs at the

A

hilum

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28
Q

how many secondary bronchi does the left lung have

A

2

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29
Q

how many secondary bronchi does the right lung have

A

3

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30
Q
  • IRV + ERV + tidal volume
  • total lung capacity available for air movement
A

vital capacity

VC = IRV + ERV + TV

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31
Q

what is the normal range for vital capacity

A

3100-4800ml

32
Q
  • total amount of air in your lungs
A

total lung capacity (TLC)

VC + RV

33
Q

immovable amount of air remaining within the lungs

A

residual volume (RV)

34
Q

what is the normal measure of residual volume

A

1200 ml

35
Q

the amount of air that is forcibly inhaled after a normal tidal volume

A

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

36
Q

what is the normal measure of IRV

A

1900-3100 ml

37
Q

the amount of air that is forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal volume

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

38
Q

what is the normal measure of ERV

A

700-1200 ml

39
Q

the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal quiet breathing

A

tidal volume (TV)

40
Q

normal tidal volume measure

A

500 ml

41
Q

if all factors remain constant, the pressure of a gas varies indirectly with the volume it occupies

A

Boyle’s Law

42
Q

Boyle’s Law equation

A

P = 1/V

43
Q

forces air out of the lungs

A

depressing the ribs and sternum

44
Q

muscles of expiration

A

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

45
Q

muscles that elevate the ribs; aid inspiration by incrasing volume of thoracic cavity

A

diaphragm, external intercostals

46
Q
  • composed of alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
  • gas exchange occurs across here
A

respiratory membrane

47
Q

serve the lobules of the lungs

A

tertiary bronchi

48
Q

last non-respiratory bronchioles

A

terminal bronchioles

49
Q

how many layers thick are alveoli

A

1 cell layer thick

50
Q

where gas exchange occurs with the pulmonary capillaries

A

alveoli

51
Q

respiratory zone

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveoli
52
Q

terminal bronchioles terminate as repiratory bronchioles that subdivide into millions of tiny

A

alveoli

53
Q

respiratory rate x tidal volume

A

minute respiratory volume (MRV)

54
Q
  • total gas exchange per minute during resting conditions
  • takes into account dead air space into conducting zone (150ml)
A

alveolar ventilation rate

RR x (Tidal volume - Dead Air Space)

55
Q

total lung capacity equation

A

IRV + ERV + TV +RV

56
Q

internal respiratory volume equation

A

VC - ERV - TV

57
Q

from nasal cavity to terminary bronchioles

A

conducting zone

58
Q

respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

A

respiratory zone

59
Q

sequence of events (in order) of inspiration

A
  1. inspiratory muscles contract (diaphram descends; rib cage rises)
  2. thoracic cavity volume increases
  3. lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases
  4. intrapulmonary pressure drops (to -1 mmHg)
  5. air (gases) flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary presure is 0 (equal to atmospheric pressure)
60
Q

changes in anterior-posterior and superior-inferior dimesions

A
  • ribs are elevated and sternum flares as external intercostals contract
  • diaphragm moves inferiorly during contraction
61
Q

what changes in the lateral dimesion occur during inspiration

A

external intercostals contract

62
Q

mechanism of action (in order) of expiration

A
  1. inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises, rib cage descends due to recoil of costal cartilages)
  2. thoracic cavity volume decreases
  3. elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases
  4. intrapulmonary pressure rises (to +1 mmHg)
  5. air (gases) flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0
63
Q

diaphragm moves … as it relaxes during expiration

A

superiorly

64
Q

produce lubricating fluid and compartmentalize lungs

A

pleurae

65
Q

house respiratory passages smaller than the main bronchi

A

lungs

66
Q

reduces surface tension, helps prevent lung collapse

A

surfactant

67
Q

air passageways connecting trachea with alveoli, cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air

A

bronchial tree

68
Q

air passageway; cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air

A

trachea

69
Q
  • air passageawy; prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract
  • voice production
A

larynx

70
Q
  • produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens incoming air; resonance chamber for speech
  • receptors for sense of smell
A

nose (external and nasal cavity)

71
Q
  • lightens skull
  • may also warm moisten, and filter incoming air
A

paranasal sinuses

72
Q
  • passageway for air and food
  • facilitates exposure of immune system to inhaled antigens
A

pharynx

73
Q

has goblet-celll containing pseudostratified epithelium that occurs throughout most of the respiratory tract

A

mucosa

74
Q
  • walls of alveoli are composed primarily of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells
  • surrounded by a flimsy basement membrane
A

type I alveolar cells

74
Q

occurs when a bronchiole becomes pluggedassociated alveoli absorb all of their air and collapse

A

atelectasis

74
Q

the pressence of air in the pleural cavity

A

pneumothorax

75
Q

how is pneumothorax reversed

A

drawing air out of the interpleural space with chest tubes

A+P 2 (21 decks)

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