Lab Quiz 6 - Respiratory System Flashcards
- includes the nose and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli
- involves the processes of ventilation, and gas exchange
- entire goal is to get oxygen in and get CO2 out
respiratory system
active and requires the diaphragm and intercostals muscles
inspiration
- passive and relies on relaxation of lungs and heart
- lungs recoil of their own accord due to their elasticity
expiration
projects from the face, mostly cartilage except for the bridge (nasal bones)
external respiratory system
nostrils lined with mucous membranes
external nares
- the chamber that resides over the oral cavity, separated from mouth by hard palate
- split into chambers by the vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid
internal nose
turbinate bones of the internal nose
superior, inferior, and inferior nasal conchae
from the posterior nares to the soft palate, contains pharyngeal tonsils and auditory tube openings
nasopharynx
from the soft palate to the hyoid bone, contains the palatine and lingual tonsils
oropharynx
area where the trachea and esophagus split
laryngopharynx
parts of the larynx
- 9 cartilages
- vocal chords
- epiglottis
cartilagenous components of the larynx
- 1 thyroid
- 1 epiglottis
- 1 cricoid
- 2 arytenoids
- 2 corniculate
- 2 cuneiforms
are ligaments, which span the inside of the larynx, controlled by skeletal muscles vibrate and produce sounds
vocal chords
from nose to larynx
upper respiratory system
from larynx down into lungs
the lower respiratory tract
- held open by C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
- terminates as left and right primary bronchi
trachea
trachea terminates as
left and right primary bronchi
why are tracheal rings necessary
to conserve energy; so you don’t have to force it open each time you breathe
last tracheal cartilage, very sensitive, stimulates a strong cough reflex
carina
the coverings of the lungs and are arranged in two layers, parietal (outer) and visceral (inner)
pleura
secreted between the layers of the pleura to keep the friction low between them
serous fluid
what is lung collapse prevented by
- negative intrapleural pressure
- surfactant
puncturing the pleura results in
pneumothroax
where are the lungs located in the body
mediastinum
the left lung has how many lobes
2
the right lung has how many lobes
3
trachea subdivides into 2 primary bronchi that enter the lungs at the
hilum
how many secondary bronchi does the left lung have
2
how many secondary bronchi does the right lung have
3
- IRV + ERV + tidal volume
- total lung capacity available for air movement
vital capacity
VC = IRV + ERV + TV
what is the normal range for vital capacity
3100-4800ml
- total amount of air in your lungs
total lung capacity (TLC)
VC + RV
immovable amount of air remaining within the lungs
residual volume (RV)
what is the normal measure of residual volume
1200 ml
the amount of air that is forcibly inhaled after a normal tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
what is the normal measure of IRV
1900-3100 ml
the amount of air that is forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
what is the normal measure of ERV
700-1200 ml
the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal quiet breathing
tidal volume (TV)
normal tidal volume measure
500 ml
if all factors remain constant, the pressure of a gas varies indirectly with the volume it occupies
Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s Law equation
P = 1/V
forces air out of the lungs
depressing the ribs and sternum
muscles of expiration
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
muscles that elevate the ribs; aid inspiration by incrasing volume of thoracic cavity
diaphragm, external intercostals
- composed of alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
- gas exchange occurs across here
respiratory membrane
serve the lobules of the lungs
tertiary bronchi
last non-respiratory bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
how many layers thick are alveoli
1 cell layer thick
where gas exchange occurs with the pulmonary capillaries
alveoli
respiratory zone
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveoli
terminal bronchioles terminate as repiratory bronchioles that subdivide into millions of tiny
alveoli
respiratory rate x tidal volume
minute respiratory volume (MRV)
- total gas exchange per minute during resting conditions
- takes into account dead air space into conducting zone (150ml)
alveolar ventilation rate
RR x (Tidal volume - Dead Air Space)
total lung capacity equation
IRV + ERV + TV +RV
internal respiratory volume equation
VC - ERV - TV
from nasal cavity to terminary bronchioles
conducting zone
respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
respiratory zone
sequence of events (in order) of inspiration
- inspiratory muscles contract (diaphram descends; rib cage rises)
- thoracic cavity volume increases
- lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases
- intrapulmonary pressure drops (to -1 mmHg)
- air (gases) flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary presure is 0 (equal to atmospheric pressure)
changes in anterior-posterior and superior-inferior dimesions
- ribs are elevated and sternum flares as external intercostals contract
- diaphragm moves inferiorly during contraction
what changes in the lateral dimesion occur during inspiration
external intercostals contract
mechanism of action (in order) of expiration
- inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises, rib cage descends due to recoil of costal cartilages)
- thoracic cavity volume decreases
- elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases
- intrapulmonary pressure rises (to +1 mmHg)
- air (gases) flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0
diaphragm moves … as it relaxes during expiration
superiorly
produce lubricating fluid and compartmentalize lungs
pleurae
house respiratory passages smaller than the main bronchi
lungs
reduces surface tension, helps prevent lung collapse
surfactant
air passageways connecting trachea with alveoli, cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air
bronchial tree
air passageway; cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air
trachea
- air passageawy; prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract
- voice production
larynx
- produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens incoming air; resonance chamber for speech
- receptors for sense of smell
nose (external and nasal cavity)
- lightens skull
- may also warm moisten, and filter incoming air
paranasal sinuses
- passageway for air and food
- facilitates exposure of immune system to inhaled antigens
pharynx
has goblet-celll containing pseudostratified epithelium that occurs throughout most of the respiratory tract
mucosa
- walls of alveoli are composed primarily of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells
- surrounded by a flimsy basement membrane
type I alveolar cells
occurs when a bronchiole becomes pluggedassociated alveoli absorb all of their air and collapse
atelectasis
the pressence of air in the pleural cavity
pneumothorax
how is pneumothorax reversed
drawing air out of the interpleural space with chest tubes
