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Chapter 22 (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

swelling of adenoids may result in

A

air that is not properly moistened, warmed, or filtered before reaching the lungs

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2
Q

tissue that lines the trachea

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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3
Q

hairs within the nasal cavity that filter coarse particles, such as pollen and dust, from inspired air

A

vibrissae

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4
Q

often caused by viral infections, but may also be due to overusing the voice, very dry air, bacterial infections, tumors on the vocal folds, or inhalation of irritating chemicals

A

laryngitis

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5
Q

results of smoking

A

inhibits and ultimately destroys cilia

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6
Q

creates the blood air barrier in the lungs

A

respiratory membrane

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7
Q

covered by mucosa containing taste buds and keeps food out of the lower respiratory passages

A

epiglottis

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8
Q

secretes a fluid to reduce the surface tension of alveolar fluid

A

type II alveolar cell

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9
Q

which respiratory structure has the smallest diameter

A

bronchiole

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10
Q

regions of the pharynx (most superior to inferior)

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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11
Q

functions of the conducting zone

A
  • warming of air
  • cleansing of air
  • transport of air
  • mucus secretion
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12
Q

results from a partial vacuum in openings in the skull

A

sinus headache

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13
Q
  • about ten in each lung
  • small amounts of cartilage
  • dominated by smooth muscle
A

segmental (tertiary) bronchi

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14
Q
  • lighten the skull and help warm and moisten inspired air
  • located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
A

paranasal sinuses

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15
Q
  • inflammation of the nasal mucosa accompanied by excessive mucus production, nasal congestion, and postnasal drip
  • caused by cold viruses, streptococcal bacteria, and various allergens
A

rhinitis

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16
Q

elastic cartilage that shields the opening to the larynx during swallowing

A

epiglottis

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17
Q
  • region of nasal cavities that contains smell receptors
A

olfactory epithelia

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18
Q
  • has saved many people from becoming victims of cafe coronaries
  • unobstructs the trachea
  • a procedure in which air in the victim’s lungs is used to expel an obstructing piece of food
A

the Heimlich maneuver

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19
Q

processes of respiration

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. external respiration
  3. transport of respiratory gases
  4. internal respiration
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20
Q
  • air is moved into and out of the lungs (during inspiration and expiration) so the gases therea re continuously changed and refreshed
  • commonly called breathing
A

pulmonary ventilation

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21
Q

oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood and common dioxide diffuses from the blood to the lungs

A

external respiration

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22
Q
  • oxygen is transported from the lungs to the tissue cells of the lungs
  • CV system accomplishes this transport using blood as the transporting fluid
A

transport of respiratory gases

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23
Q

oxygen diffuses from blood to tissue cells and carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells to blood

A

internal respiration

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24
Q
  • creates a wall 15 times thinner than a piece of paper
  • flimsy basement membrane
  • simple squamous and form the major part of the alveolar walls
A

type I alveolar cells

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25
Q
  • crawl freely along the internal alveolar surfaces
  • cells that regularly get swept up and out of the lung
A

macrophages

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26
Q
  • drains the middle ear
  • allows middle ear pressure to equalize with atmospheric pressure by opening into the lateral walls of the nasopharynx
A

pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes

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27
Q

structures that allow heavier particles to be deflected into nasal mucosa

A

nasal conchae

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28
Q

a structure lined with sebaceous and sweat glands that filter coarse particles

A

nasal vestibule

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29
Q

true or false:

the lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. the pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. the bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue)

A

true

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30
Q

word root that means breath or breathing

A

-pnea

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31
Q

word root that means throat or bronchial

A

bronch-

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32
Q

word root that means air, lung, or pulmonary

A

pneumo-

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33
Q

word root that means carbon dioxide in the blood

A

-capnia

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34
Q

small air passages less than 1 mm

A

bronchioles

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35
Q

presence of air in the pleural cavity, which inhibits breathing

A

pneumothorax

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36
Q

labored breathing

A

dyspnea

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37
Q

higher than normal CO2 in the blood

A

hypercapnia

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38
Q

the palatine tonsils are found in which region

A

oropharynx

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39
Q

which region contains the opening of a canal that equalizes pressure in the middle ear

A

nasopharynx

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40
Q

true or false:

the division between the upper and lower respiratory system is at the nasopharynx

A

false

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41
Q

true or false:

nasal conchae heat and moisten inhaled air, and reclaim heat and moisture during exhalation

A

true

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42
Q

which structure helps to protect against tracheal obstruction

A

larynx

The larynx is superior to the trachea in the respiratory tract. The laryngeal opening (glottis) is covered by the epiglottis during swallowing, normally preventing ingested materials from passing into the trachea.

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43
Q

which cartilage belonging to the larynx anchors the vocal cords?

A

arytenoid cartilage

The arytenoid cartilages serve as an anchor for the vocal cords. They can be controlled using muscles to give different tones during speech.

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44
Q

which structure maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea

A

C-shaped cartilage rings

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45
Q

which cavity surrounds the lungs alone

A

pleural cavities

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46
Q

the indentation on the medial surface of each lung through which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave is called

A

hilum

The term hilum applies to any indentation or crack in an organ through which vessels or ducts enter it. The kidneys, lungs, spleen, and ovaries all have hila.

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47
Q

functions of pleurae

A
  • reduces friction during ventilation
  • parietal and visceral pleura are continuous
  • visceral pleura covers the external lung surface and lines the fissures between lobes
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48
Q

the left lung differs from the right in that the left lung has

A

a cardiac notch

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49
Q

true or false:

the parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall

A

true

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50
Q

the walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II alveolar cells. the function of type II alveolar cells is to

A

secrete surfactant

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51
Q

in babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts due to

A

inefficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells

Type II alveolar cells make surfactant which they release via exocytosis onto the inner wall of alveoli. Without surfactant, the surface tension created by the water vapor within the alveoli would cause them to collapse.

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52
Q

steps to gas exchange

A
  1. breathing moves air in and out of the lungs
  2. oxygen diffuses from alveoli in the lungs into capillaries
  3. oxygen enters red blood cells, where it binds to the protein hemoglobin
  4. oxygen diffuses to from the blood to the body’s tissues, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood
  5. carbon dioxide leaves the body when exhale
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53
Q

pathway of air in the body

A
  1. air enters through the nose or mouth
  2. air travels down the trachea and then enters the bronchi
  3. air travels down smaller and smaller bronchioles
  4. air reaches small sacs called alveoli
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54
Q

during pneumia, the lungs become “waterlogged”; this means that within the alveoli there is an abnormal accumulation of

A

interstitial fluid

Pneumonia is an infection within the lung tissue often accompanied by inflammation. In response to inflammation, the increased permeability of the respiratory membrane results in increased formation of interstitial fluid that enters the alveoli.

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55
Q

the symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it

A

helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood

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56
Q

during pleurisy, the inflamed parietal pleura of one lung rubs against the inflamed

A

visceral pleura of the same lung

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57
Q

the difference between the intrapulmonoary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing

A

transpulmonary pressure

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58
Q

quiet inspiration is a …. process, and quiet experiation is a …. process

A

active; passive

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59
Q

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

A

intrapulmonary pressure

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60
Q

law that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas

A

Boyle’s law

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61
Q

total volume of exchangeable air

A

vital capacity

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62
Q

amount of air normally ventilated in one breath (under resting conditions)

A

tidal volume

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63
Q

true or false:

residual volume can be measured w/ a spirometer

A

false

Residual volume cannot be measured; it has to be estimated, generally based on the size and sex of an individual. The volume cannot be detected with a spirometer because the volume of residual air left in the lungs at the end of expiration cannot pass through a spirometer to be measured.

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64
Q

the amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume

A

inspiratory reserve volume

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65
Q

emphysema can result in

A
  • increased levels of carbaminohemoglobin
  • decreased levels of deoxyhemoglobin
  • increased likelihood of the skin of Caucasians developing a slightly blue coloration
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66
Q

how is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood?

A

as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells

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67
Q

what is an appropriate response to carbon monoxide poisoning

A

hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase PO2 and to clear carbon monoxide from the body

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68
Q

true or false:

increased temperature results in decreased oxygen unloading from hemoglobin

A

false

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69
Q

true or false:

the largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase

A

false

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70
Q

responsible for producing lubricating fluid and compartmentalizing the lungs

A

pleurae

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71
Q

air passageways connecting trachea with alveoli; cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air

A

bronchial tree

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72
Q

reduces surface tension; helps prevent lung collapse

A

surfactant

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73
Q
  • provides an airway for respiration
  • moistens and warms entering air
  • filters and cleans inspired air
  • serves as a resonating chamber for speech
  • houses olfactory receptors
A

nose

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74
Q
  • attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx
  • functions to provide an open airway, act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels, and voice production
A

larynx

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75
Q

major alveolar cell types

A
  • type I
  • type II
  • alveolar macrophages
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76
Q

open ones of these connecting adjacent alveoli allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized and provide alternate air routes to any alveoli whose bronchi have collapsed due to disease

A

alveolar pores

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77
Q

each primary bronchus divides into

A

lobar (secondary) bronchi

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78
Q

how many lobar bronchi exist in the right lung

A

3

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79
Q

how many lobar bronchi exist in the left lung

A

2

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80
Q

tube walls throughout the bronchial tree contain

A

elastic fibers

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81
Q

what type of epithelia exists in the terminal bronchioles

A

simple cuboidal

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82
Q

at the tips of the bronchial tree, what occurs

A

conducting zone structures give way to respiratory zone structures

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83
Q
  • final tracheal cartilage
  • marks the point where the trachea branches into the two main bronchi
  • highly sensitive, and violent coughing is triggered when a foreign object makes contact w/ it
A

carina

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84
Q

what property of the trachea makes it flexible enough to stretch and move inferiorly during inspiration and recoil during expiration

A

elastic elements

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85
Q

what property of the trachea keeps it from collapsing and keeping the airway open despite the pressure changes that occur during breathing

A

cartilage rings

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86
Q
  • open posterior parts of the cartilage rings, which lie next to the esophagus are connected by this and soft CT
  • contraction of this decreases the trachea’s diameter, causing expired air to rush upward from the lungs with greater force
A

trachealis

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87
Q
  • innermost layer of the trachea before the lumen
  • has the same pseudostratified epithelia that occurs throughout most of the respiratory tract
A

mucosa

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88
Q
  • a connective tissue layer deep to the mucosa
  • contains seromucous glands that help produce the mucus “sheets” within the trachea
  • supported by 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage encased by the adventitia
A

submucosa of trachea

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89
Q

outermost layer of connective tissue

A

adventitia

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90
Q

from nose to trachea

A

upper respiratory tract

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91
Q

from trachea to alveoli

A

lower respiratory tract

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92
Q

nose to terminal bronchioles

A

conducting zone

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93
Q

respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

A

respiratory zone

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94
Q

made up of hyaline cartilage and dense fibrous connective tissue

A

external nose

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95
Q

separated by the nasal septum, lined with mucosal epithelium

A

nasal cavities

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96
Q

made up of nasal cartilage, the perpendicular plate of the ethnoid bone, and the vomer

A

nasal septum

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97
Q

important for swallowing, breathing, and talking

A

larynx

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98
Q

run between the thyroid and corniculate cartilages

A

vocal cords

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99
Q

only which structures allow gas exchange

A

respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

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100
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have

A

2

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101
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have

A

3

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102
Q

blood to the inside of the lungs is brought in by

A

pulmonary arteries

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103
Q
  • bronchial edema
  • chronic productive cough
  • bronchospasm
A

chronic bronchitis

104
Q
  • destruction of alveolar walls, loss of lung elasticity
  • air trapping
105
Q
  • from the posterior nares to the soft palate
  • contains adenoids
  • opening for Eustacian tubes
  • lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelia
A

nasopharynx

106
Q
  • from the soft palate to the hyoid bone
  • contains the palate and lingual tonsils
  • lined with stratified squamous epithelia
A

oropharynx

107
Q
  • area where the trachea and esophagus split
  • lined with stratified squamous above vocal cords
  • lined with pseudostratified columnar below
A

laryngopharynx

108
Q
  • attached on the interior of the thyroid cartilage
  • it is composed primarily of elastic cartilage and functions to close the opening of the trachea (glottis) during swallowing
A

epiglottis

109
Q
  • are ligaments covered in stratified squamous epithelia that span the inside of the larynx
  • they are controlled by skeletal muscles, which cause them to vibrate and produce sounds
  • anchored from arytenoids to thyroid cartilages
A

vocal cords

110
Q
  • large decrease will change rate, but not small changes because of hemoglobin’s ability to release greter amounts of this molecule
  • giving people with COPD (and have chronically elevated CO2) this will actually decrease thier respiratory
111
Q

increased in blood (peripherals) =

A

increased respiratory rate

112
Q

increased CO2 in blood is picked up as an increase in H+ ions in the CSF =

A

increased RR

113
Q

chemicals involved in the regulation of respiratory rate

A

pH, CO2, O2

114
Q

what is a pH of <7.35 indicate

A
  • decreased respiration
  • respiratory acidosis
115
Q

what is a pH of >7.45 indicate

A
  • increased respiration
  • respiratory alkalosis
116
Q

where are chemoreceptors typically located in

A

the carotid and aortic bodies, as well as the medulla

117
Q

pick up changes in pH, PCO2, and PO2 levels

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

118
Q

due to the blood brain barrier, only picks up on pH changes

A

central chemoreceptors

119
Q

what is the most important regulator of respiratory rate

A

Partial pressure of CO2

120
Q

primary controls of respiration

A
  • brainstem regulators
  • modifications of rhythmic ventilation
  • chemical control
122
Q

what are modifications of rhythmic ventilation

A
  • voluntary control (i.e. hyperventilation, voluntary apnea)
  • changes in blood pH, CO2 levels picked up by chemoreceptors
  • stretch receptors in lugns respond to over-inflation
  • emotions
  • painful stimuli
  • proprioreceptors
  • chemical or mechanical irritants
123
Q
  • located in the medulla in the areas known as the dorsal and ventral respiratory centers
  • spontaneously become active and fatigue (basic rhythm or inspiration)
  • send impulses along phrenic and intercostal nerves to muscles of inspiration
A

brainstem regulators of respiratory rate

124
Q

dorsal and ventral respiratory center neurons send their impulses along which nerves to the muscles of inspiration

A

phrenic and intercostal nerves

125
Q

coordinate and regulate the respiratory center to ensure that breathing is rhythmic and even

A

pontine respiratory centers (apneustic, pneumotaxic)

126
Q
  • transported in three forms
  • most reacts with water to form carbonic acid
  • small amounts bind to amino groups of plasma proteins
  • some is dissolved as gas in the plasma
A

carbon dioxide

127
Q

part of the lungs that is molded to and accomodates the heart

A

cardiac notch

128
Q

smallest subdivisions of the lung visible with the naked eye

129
Q

provide oxygenated systemic blood to lung tissue

A

bronchiall arteries

130
Q

phases of pulmonary ventilation

A

inspiration and expiration

131
Q

the period when air flows into the lungs

A

inspiration

132
Q

the period when gases exit the lungs

A

expiration

133
Q

functions of C-shaped rings of trachea

A

necessary to conserve energy, so the trachea does not need to be forced open each time we breathe

134
Q

last tracheal cartilage, site of strong cough reflex

135
Q

If CO2 + builds up in the blood due to shallow or impaired breathing then this equation is pushed to the right side and the body becomes more

A

acidic

respiratory acidosis

136
Q

f large amounts of CO2 are blown off as in hyperventilation then the pH of the blood rises and this is

A

respiratory alkalosis

137
Q

what catalyzes the reaction of carbonic acid synthesis

A

carbonic anhydrase

138
Q

carbonic acid synthesis reaction

A

CO2 + H20 –> H2C03 –> HCO3- + H+

139
Q

changes that take place throughout the bronchioles

A
  • rings of caritlage are replaced with plates of cartilage and eventually just elastic tissue
  • epithelia changes from pseudostratified into cuboidal by the terminal bronchioles
  • smooth muscle layer becomes more complete further into the bronchioles
140
Q

factors affecting the respiratory membrane

A
  1. thickness of respiratory membrane
  2. how easily a gas diffuses across the membrane
  3. surface area of the membrane
  4. partial pressure difference
141
Q

gases move from an area of ____ pressure to __________ pressure

A

higher; lower

142
Q

which is more soluble: carbon dioxide or oxygen?

A

carbon dioxide

143
Q

the lungs and the structure of the lungs are typically made up of

A

elastic tissue

144
Q
  • usually 10 in the right lung and 8-9 in the left lung
  • each segment has its own vascular, air, and lymphatic supply and is separated by connective tissue septa from other segments
A

bronchopulmonary segments

145
Q

carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle

A

pulmonary arteries

146
Q

surround the alveoli

A

pulmonary capillaries

147
Q

carry oxygenated blood back to the left atrium

A

pulmonary veins

148
Q

sympathetics dilate bronchioles, parasympathetics constrict

A

pulmonary plexus

149
Q
  • mounts of serous fluid are secreted between the layers to keep the friction
    low
  • the pleural fluid allows the lungs to slide, but also creates surface tension between the layers and forces the lungs to move in and out with the chest wall during breathing
A

pleural fluid

150
Q

inflammation of pleurae, very painful and can be debilitating

151
Q

gas laws

A
  1. gases exert a force on a surface area, as the gas molecules move rapidly they collide on surfaces and that creates a pressure
  2. gases will move from an area of higher pressure to one of lesser pressure (osmosis)
  3. standard atmospheric pressure is said to be 0 = 760mmHg at sea level. any pressure greater than standard is positive, and any lesser is negative
  4. boyle’s law
152
Q

if all factors remain constant, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with the volume it occupies

A

Boyle’s law

P = 1/V

153
Q

most oxygen is bound to

A

hemoglobin

154
Q

how many oxygens can hemoglobin carry

155
Q

hemoglobin with oxygens attached

A

oxyhemoglobin

156
Q

hemoglobin with no oxygen attached

A

deoxyhemoglobin

158
Q

oxygen is loaded onto hemoglobin in what pattern

A

positive feedback

159
Q

factors involved that cause oxygen to unload from hemoglobin

A
  • increased temp
  • increased PCO2 or H+ levles
  • increased BPG (byproduct of metabolism in RBCs)
160
Q

pressure pushing against the body all the time. Approximately
760mmHg.

A

atmospheric pressure

161
Q

pressure inside the alveoli, fluctuates during the breathing cycle

A

intrapulmonary pressure

162
Q

pressure beteween the layers of the pleurae and is always lower than the other two pressures

A

intrapleural pressure

163
Q

what is the atmospheric pressure at rest

164
Q

what is the atmospheric pressure during inspiration

165
Q

what is the normal atmospheric pressure during expiration

166
Q

what is the normal intrapulmonary pressure at rest

167
Q

what is the normal intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration

168
Q

what is the normal intrapulmonary pressure during expiration

169
Q

what is the normal intrapleural pressure at rest

170
Q

what is the normal intrapleural pressure during inspiration

171
Q

what is the normal intrapleural pressure during expiration

172
Q

factors that cause the lungs to collapse

A
  • elastic recoil of the lung tissue
  • surface tension of the film that lines the alveoli
173
Q

lung collapse is prevented by

A
  • natural recoil of the chest wall
  • surfactant
174
Q

secreted by the type II cells of the alveoli and reduces surface tension inside the alveoli

A

surfactant

175
Q

the pressure between the pleural space and the alveolar space (difference between alveolar and intrapleural pressure)

A

transpulmonary pressure

176
Q

standard transpulmonary pressure at rest

177
Q

standard amount of breaths/min

178
Q

contraction of inspiratory muscles causes

A

intrapulmonary pressure to decrease

179
Q

intrapulmonary pressure does what during expiration

180
Q

pressure inside the lung … as lung volume … during inspiration

A

decreases; increases

181
Q
  • a measure of how easy it is to get air into the lungs
  • lung elasticity and surfactant contribute
  • if this is reduced it is harder to breathe
A

compliance

182
Q

amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

A

tidal volume

183
Q

average tidal volume value

184
Q

amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

A

inspiratory reserve volume

185
Q

standard IRV value

A

1900-3100 ml

186
Q

amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

A

expiratory reserve volume

187
Q

standard ERV volume

A

700-1200ml

188
Q

amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

A

residual volume

189
Q

standard residual volume

A

1100-1200 ml

190
Q

maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort

A

total lung capacity

191
Q

total lung capacity equation

A

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

192
Q

TLC standard value

A

4200-6000ml

193
Q

maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort

A

vital capacity

194
Q

vital capacity equation

A

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

195
Q

standard vital capacity values

A

3100-4800ml

196
Q

maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

A

inspiratory capacity

197
Q

standard inspiratory capacity volumes

A

2400-3600ml

198
Q

inspiratory capacity equation

A

IC = TV + IRV

199
Q

volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration

A

functional residual capacity

200
Q

functional residual capacity equation

A

FRC = ERV + RV

201
Q

standard FRC value

A

1800-2400ml

202
Q

main effectors of vital capacity

A
  • height
  • age
203
Q

minute respiratory volume (MRV) equation

A

MRV = RR x TV

204
Q

alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)

A

AVR = RR(TV-DAS)

205
Q

partial pressure of O2 in the lungs

206
Q

partial pressure of CO2 in the lungs

207
Q

partial pressure of the blood leaving the lungs and entering tissue capillaries (oxygen)

208
Q

partial pressure of the blood leaving the lungs and entering tissue capillaries (carbon dioxide)

209
Q

partial pressure of oxygen in tissues

A

less than 40 mmHg

210
Q

partial pressure of carbon dioxide in tissues

A

greater than 45 mmHg

211
Q

partial pressue of oxygen in inspired air

212
Q

partial pressure of carbon dioxide in inspired air

213
Q

partial pressure of oxygen in blood that is leaving tissues and entering the lungs

214
Q

partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood that is leaving tissues and entering the lungs

215
Q

what does the curvilinear relationship of oxygen loading mean

A

that as more O2 is loaded onto hemoglobin, it becomes easier to add even more

216
Q

major factors that determine how much O2 gets unloaded to tissues

A

pH and temperature

217
Q

integrates peripheral sensory input and modifies the rhythms generated by the VRG

A

dorsal respiratory group

218
Q

contains rhythm generators whose output drives respiration

A

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

219
Q

interact with the medullary respiratory centers to smooth the respiratory pattern

A

pontine respiratory centers

220
Q

afferent fibers from peripheral chemoreceptors travel along which cranial nerves

A

IX and X

glossopharyngeal and vagus

221
Q

a volume of air that exists in the conducting portion of the respiratory system; typically 150ml in adults

A

dead air space

222
Q

the total air pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each individual gas

A

dalton’s law

223
Q

gases will dissolve in solution in proportion to their partial pressure in air

A

henry’s law

224
Q
  • air into the pleural cavity
  • allows equlization between pleural air and atmospheric air
A

pneumothorax

225
Q

muscles of that elevate the ribs and increase the volume of the thoracic cavity

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostals
  • scalenes
  • serratus posterior
  • quadratus lumborum
226
Q

usually a passive process in which the lungs recoil of their own accord due to their elasticity

A

expiration

227
Q

muscles that depress the ribs and sternum

A
  • internal intercostals
  • transverse thoracic
  • serratus posterior inferior
  • rectus abdominis
228
Q

if resistance increases, gas flow

229
Q

airway resistance equation

230
Q

takes into account air trapped in the lungs as well as that in the conducting zone; typically about 1350ml

A

physiological dead air space

DAS + RV

231
Q
  • increases resistance in the respiratory zone
  • surfactant from type II cells decreases this
A

alveolar surface tension

232
Q

atmospheric pressure of nitrogen in the air

233
Q

atmospheric pressure of oxygen in air

A

159 mmHg of air

234
Q

atmospheric pressure of carbon dioxide in air

235
Q

atmospheric pressure of water in air

236
Q

alveolar pressure of nitrogen

237
Q

alveolar pressure of oxygen

238
Q

alveolar pressure of Co2

239
Q

```

~~~

in pneumothorax, lung collapse occurs because

A

intrapleural pressure is equal to intrapulmonary pressure

240
Q

which arterial blood level is the most powerful respiratory stimulant

A

rising CO2 levels

241
Q

what is the most powerful respiratory stimulant in a healthy person

A

arterial blood carbon level

242
Q

which pressure must remain negative to prevent lung collapse

A

intrapleural pressure

243
Q

surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by

A

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

244
Q

spiromentry reveals a vital capacity of two liters which is well below the predicted value of five liters. this suggests which disorder?

A

restrictive disease

245
Q

true or false:

the alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation

246
Q

what determines the direction of respiratory gas movement

A

partial pressure gradient

247
Q

which is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport

A

as bicarbonate ions in the plasma

Carbon dioxide reacts with water inside RBCs to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. About 70% of carbon dioxide travels in the plasma as bicarbonate.

248
Q

which of the following does NOT influence hemoglobin saturation

a. partial pressure of carbon dioxide
b. nitric oxide
c. BPG
d. temperature

A

nitric oxide

249
Q

inhibitors/reducers of respiratory rate

A
  • higher brain centers in the cerebral cortex
  • stretch receptors in lungs
  • irritant receptors
  • other receptors (e.g.) and emotional stimuli acting through the hypothalamus
250
Q

elastic connective tissue found within the lungs

251
Q
  • form of hypoxia that occurs when body cells are unable to use O2 even though adequate amounts are delivered
  • usually the consequence of metabolic poisons
A

histotoxic hypoxia

252
Q

distinguished by permanent enlargement of the alveoli and loss of lung elasticity

253
Q

increase in ventilation in response to metabolic needs

254
Q

CO2 loading and lower pH enhance O2 release

A

Bohr effect

255
Q

located dorsally at the root of cranial nerve IX

A

dorsal respiratory group

A+P 2 (21 decks)

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