Lab Quiz 2 - Blood Flashcards
- about 55% of blood by volume
- composed mainly of proteins dissolved in serum
- about 92% water and 8% proteins and other molecules (nutrients, hormones, gases, electrolytes)
plasma
- makes up about 60% of plasma
- maintains osmotic pressure in capillaries
- carries other molecules throughout the blood
albumin
- consists of transport binding proteins and some types of antibodies
- makes up about 36% of plasma
globulin
- responsible for forming blood clots
- makes up about 4% of blood plasma
fibrinogen
- formed elements that make up approx 45% of blood by volume
- 4-6 million/uL
- small biconcave disks that are anucleated
- bags of hemoglobin that function to carry oxygen throughout the circulatory system to the tissues
- formed by hematopoeisis in the red bone marrow and last about 120 days before being recycled
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- 150,000-360,000uL
- fragments of megakaryocytes
- essential for proper clotting at the site of a wound
- short lived, last about 10 days
platelets
too few RBCs in the blood lead to
tissue hypoxia
too many erythrocytes can lead to
too viscous blood
hematopoiesis is stimulated via
erythropoetin
after a hemocytoblast is committed, what is it known as?
proerythroblast
steps to blood clotting
- vascular spasm: smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction
- platelet plug formation: injury to the endothelium lining exposes the underlying collagen fibers, platelets adhere
- platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky, platelet plug forms
- coagulation: fibrin proteins form a mesh that traps RBCs and platelets, forming the clot
a reduction of the delivery of the oxygen to tissues caused either by having too few RBC or not enough hemoglobin in the circulating blood
anemia
an abnormally high density of RBC, can lead to an overexertion of the heart and vessel clogging
polycythemia
the percentage of blood volume that is RBC
hematocrit
what is the typical hematocrit range for males
44-52%
what is the typical hematocrit range for females?
38-48%
how do we calculate hematocrit from a capillary tube?
(length of RBC column in cm) / (length of all liquid in the in cm)
how do we compute the percent of white blood cells?
(# observed / #total number counted) x 100
a positive test for a blood type will show what
agglutination of cells in that area of the blood typing card
- Rh antigen present on red blood cell
- 85%
Rh+
- Rh antigen not present on RBC
- 15%
Rh-
has an A antigen on RBC and a B antibody in plasma
type A blood
has B antigen on RBC and A antibody in plasma
type B blood
has an A and B antigen on RBC and no antibodies in plasma
type AB blood
has neither antigen on RBC and both antibodies in plasma
type O blood
if blood types don’t match, what occurs?
agglutination, which can cause hemolysis and possibly death
- truly cells, less than 1% of blood by volume
- ~5000-10,000/uL
white blood cells
when hormones and other stressors can stimulate their production in the bone marrow
leukopoeisis
when white blood cells are produced and move out of the blood vessels and eventually to the site of an immune response
diapedesis
- low white blood cell count
- could be caused by autoimmune disease, severe stress, cancer treatment, or bone marrow deficiency
leukopenia
- high white blood cell count
- could be caused by infection, inflammatory disease, leukemia, mononucleoiss
leukocytosis
a category of leukocytes with multi-lobed nuclei and contain cytoplasmic granules
granulocytes
granulocytic leukocytes
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
- most abundant white blood cell
- 50-70%
- nucleus has between 3-5 lobes
neutrophils
- 1-4% of WBC
- nucleus often bi-loved or figure 8 shaped
- cytoplasm dyes red in presence of the dye eosin
eosinophils
- <1% of WBC
- large U or S shaped nucleus stains blue in presence of basic dyes
- can release histamine and heparin
basophils
- more abundant in lymphoid tissue than in blood
- contain no granules in their cytoplasm, and their nuclei are less normal in shape
agranulocytes
agranulocytic leukocytes
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- 20%-30% of WBC
- smallest WBC
- nucleus is genrally spherical
- consists of T cells and B cells
lymphocytes
contact killing of viruses
T-cell lymphocytes
produce antibodies
B-cell lymphocytes
- 3-8% of WBC
- largest of WBC
- nucelus is generally kidney shaped
- a voracious phagocyte that acts in long-term cleanup of chronic infections (i.e. mononucleosis)
monocytes
what are the most abundant leukocytes to least
- neutrophils
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- eosinophils
- basophils
what is the clinical significance of an increase in neutrophils
may indicate an acute bacterial infection such as appendicitis
what is the clinical signifcance of increased eosinophils
increased eosinophils may indicate allergic conditions or parasitic infections (trichinosis)
what is the clinical significance of basophils?
- release histamine to promote inflammation and also heparin to prevent clotting
- very important to the immune response
which lymphocyte is more effective against bacteria
B-cells
what is the clinical significance of increased lymphocytes
increased amounts seen with almost all general responses, for example, viral infections, antibody antigen reactions, and infectious mononucleosis
