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A+P 2 > Lab Quiz 2 - Blood > Flashcards

Lab Quiz 2 - Blood Flashcards

1
Q
  • about 55% of blood by volume
  • composed mainly of proteins dissolved in serum
  • about 92% water and 8% proteins and other molecules (nutrients, hormones, gases, electrolytes)
A

plasma

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2
Q
  • makes up about 60% of plasma
  • maintains osmotic pressure in capillaries
  • carries other molecules throughout the blood
A

albumin

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3
Q
  • consists of transport binding proteins and some types of antibodies
  • makes up about 36% of plasma
A

globulin

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4
Q
  • responsible for forming blood clots
  • makes up about 4% of blood plasma
A

fibrinogen

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5
Q
  • formed elements that make up approx 45% of blood by volume
  • 4-6 million/uL
  • small biconcave disks that are anucleated
  • bags of hemoglobin that function to carry oxygen throughout the circulatory system to the tissues
  • formed by hematopoeisis in the red bone marrow and last about 120 days before being recycled
A

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

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6
Q
  • 150,000-360,000uL
  • fragments of megakaryocytes
  • essential for proper clotting at the site of a wound
  • short lived, last about 10 days
A

platelets

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7
Q

too few RBCs in the blood lead to

A

tissue hypoxia

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8
Q

too many erythrocytes can lead to

A

too viscous blood

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9
Q

hematopoiesis is stimulated via

A

erythropoetin

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10
Q

after a hemocytoblast is committed, what is it known as?

A

proerythroblast

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11
Q

steps to blood clotting

A
  1. vascular spasm: smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction
  2. platelet plug formation: injury to the endothelium lining exposes the underlying collagen fibers, platelets adhere
  3. platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky, platelet plug forms
  4. coagulation: fibrin proteins form a mesh that traps RBCs and platelets, forming the clot
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12
Q

a reduction of the delivery of the oxygen to tissues caused either by having too few RBC or not enough hemoglobin in the circulating blood

A

anemia

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13
Q

an abnormally high density of RBC, can lead to an overexertion of the heart and vessel clogging

A

polycythemia

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14
Q

the percentage of blood volume that is RBC

A

hematocrit

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15
Q

what is the typical hematocrit range for males

A

44-52%

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16
Q

what is the typical hematocrit range for females?

A

38-48%

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17
Q

how do we calculate hematocrit from a capillary tube?

A

(length of RBC column in cm) / (length of all liquid in the in cm)

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18
Q

how do we compute the percent of white blood cells?

A

(# observed / #total number counted) x 100

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19
Q

a positive test for a blood type will show what

A

agglutination of cells in that area of the blood typing card

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20
Q
  • Rh antigen present on red blood cell
  • 85%
A

Rh+

21
Q
  • Rh antigen not present on RBC
  • 15%
A

Rh-

22
Q

has an A antigen on RBC and a B antibody in plasma

A

type A blood

23
Q

has B antigen on RBC and A antibody in plasma

A

type B blood

24
Q

has an A and B antigen on RBC and no antibodies in plasma

A

type AB blood

25
Q

has neither antigen on RBC and both antibodies in plasma

A

type O blood

26
Q

if blood types don’t match, what occurs?

A

agglutination, which can cause hemolysis and possibly death

27
Q
  • truly cells, less than 1% of blood by volume
  • ~5000-10,000/uL
A

white blood cells

28
Q

when hormones and other stressors can stimulate their production in the bone marrow

A

leukopoeisis

29
Q

when white blood cells are produced and move out of the blood vessels and eventually to the site of an immune response

A

diapedesis

30
Q
  • low white blood cell count
  • could be caused by autoimmune disease, severe stress, cancer treatment, or bone marrow deficiency
A

leukopenia

31
Q
  • high white blood cell count
  • could be caused by infection, inflammatory disease, leukemia, mononucleoiss
A

leukocytosis

32
Q

a category of leukocytes with multi-lobed nuclei and contain cytoplasmic granules

A

granulocytes

33
Q

granulocytic leukocytes

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
34
Q
  • most abundant white blood cell
  • 50-70%
  • nucleus has between 3-5 lobes
A

neutrophils

35
Q
  • 1-4% of WBC
  • nucleus often bi-loved or figure 8 shaped
  • cytoplasm dyes red in presence of the dye eosin
A

eosinophils

36
Q
  • <1% of WBC
  • large U or S shaped nucleus stains blue in presence of basic dyes
  • can release histamine and heparin
A

basophils

37
Q
  • more abundant in lymphoid tissue than in blood
  • contain no granules in their cytoplasm, and their nuclei are less normal in shape
A

agranulocytes

38
Q

agranulocytic leukocytes

A
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
39
Q
  • 20%-30% of WBC
  • smallest WBC
  • nucleus is genrally spherical
  • consists of T cells and B cells
A

lymphocytes

40
Q

contact killing of viruses

A

T-cell lymphocytes

41
Q

produce antibodies

A

B-cell lymphocytes

42
Q
  • 3-8% of WBC
  • largest of WBC
  • nucelus is generally kidney shaped
  • a voracious phagocyte that acts in long-term cleanup of chronic infections (i.e. mononucleosis)
A

monocytes

43
Q

what are the most abundant leukocytes to least

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. lymphocytes
  3. monocytes
  4. eosinophils
  5. basophils
44
Q

what is the clinical significance of an increase in neutrophils

A

may indicate an acute bacterial infection such as appendicitis

45
Q

what is the clinical signifcance of increased eosinophils

A

increased eosinophils may indicate allergic conditions or parasitic infections (trichinosis)

46
Q

what is the clinical significance of basophils?

A
  • release histamine to promote inflammation and also heparin to prevent clotting
  • very important to the immune response
47
Q

which lymphocyte is more effective against bacteria

A

B-cells

48
Q

what is the clinical significance of increased lymphocytes

A

increased amounts seen with almost all general responses, for example, viral infections, antibody antigen reactions, and infectious mononucleosis

49
Q
A

A+P 2 (21 decks)

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