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A+P 2 > Lab Quiz 1 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Lab Quiz 1 - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

chemical signals that are released in small amounts by specialized epithelial cells
travel through blood to target tissues

A

hormone

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2
Q

hormones are chemical signals that are released in small amounts by

A

specialized epithelial cells

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3
Q

proteins are ____________ soluble and _____________

A

water; polar

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4
Q

steroids are ______________ soluble and _____________-

A

fat; nonpolar

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5
Q

proteins bind to

A

membrane bound receptors

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6
Q

steroids bind to

A

intracellular receptors

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7
Q

what does it mean if a target tissue is “down-regulated” over time

A

the target tissue becomes less sensitive to the amounts of hormone present

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8
Q

why do steroid hormones utilize intracellular receptors

A

steroid hormones are fat soluble and can easily cross the cell membrane

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9
Q

why do protein hormones utilize membrane bound receptors

A

proteins are water soluble, so they activate second messengers

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10
Q

located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone, posterior to the optic chiasm

A

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

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11
Q

the pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus via

A

the infundibulum

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12
Q

the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) is composed of what type of tissue

A

simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

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13
Q

what connects the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus

A

hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

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14
Q

releasing and inhibiting hormones of the anterior pituitary (6)

A

GHRH, GnRH, TRH, CRH, and PIH, and GHIH

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14
Q

what does the releasing of hormones from the hypothalamus trigger the anterior pituitary to do

A

secrete hormones or inhibit ant. pituitary from releasing

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15
Q

true or false: the adenohypophysis is not vascularized

A

false

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16
Q

the neurohypophysis consists of what type of cells and tissue?

A

glial cells and nervous tissue

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17
Q

true or false: the neurohypophysis is the more innervated part of the pituitary gland

A

true

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18
Q

why does the posterior pituitary not secrete any hormones?

A

primarily nervous tissue

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19
Q

where do axons from the hypothalamus pass down to terminate at the neurohypophysis + release their hormones

A

hypothalamohypophyseal tract

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20
Q

hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland (6)

A

growth hormone (GH)
prolactin (PRL)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
lutenizing hormone (LH)

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21
Q

hormones whose targets are other endocrine glands

A

tropic hormones

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22
Q

what are the tropic hormones

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
lutenizing hormone (LH)

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23
Q

clinical implications of growth hormone

A

pituitary dwarfism and gigantism
acromegaly

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24
response is an amino acid uptake for protein and glycogen synthesis, growth in tissues, stimulates muscle and bone growth
growth hormone (somatotropin)
25
what is the target of growth hormone
mostly bodily tissues, but especially connective tissues and muscle
26
not enough growth hormone
pituitary dwarfism
27
too much growth hormone
pituitary gigantism
28
too much growth hormone as an adult
acromegaly
29
structure of growth hormone (GH)
protein
30
response is to stimulate mammary glands to produce milk soon after birth
prolactin (PRL)
31
what is the primary target of prolactin
mammary glands
32
what is the structure of prolactin
protein
33
response is to increase thyroid hormone production
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
34
what is the target of TSH
thyroid gland
35
what is the structure of TSH
glycoprotein
36
response is to increase hormone secretion from the adrenal cortex (especially glucocorticoids)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
37
what is the structure of ACTH
peptide
38
what is the target of ACTH
adrenal cortex
39
response is follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in ovaries, and sperm cell production in testes
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
40
what is the target of FSH
follicles in ovaries, seminiferous tubules
41
what is the structure of FSH
glycoprotein
42
response is ovulation and progesterone production in ovaries, testosterone synthesis and support for sperm cell production in testes
lutenizing hormone (LH)
43
what is the target of LH
ovaries and testes
44
what is structure of LH
glycoprotein
45
which hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin
46
response is nephrons reabsorb water instead of losing it as urine
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin
47
clinical implications of ADH
if there is an ADH deficiency, copious urination can lead to diabetes insipidus
48
what is the target of ADH
nephrons of the kidney
49
what is the structure of ADH
small peptide
50
response causes uterine contractions and milk ejection
oxytocin
51
what is the target of oxytocin
uterus and mammary glands
52
what is the structure of oxytocin
small peptide
53
what is the anterior surface of the thyroid gland responsible for
secreting thyroid hormone (TH) and calcitonin
54
what does the posterior surface of the thyroid gland consist of
4 small lobes known as the parathyroid gland
55
2 lateral lobes connected by an isthmus; located inferior to the larynx extremely vascular and metabolically active
thyroid gland
56
made up of T3 and T4, response increases metabolism and is essential for normal growth
thyroid hormone (TH)
57
which part of the anterior thyroid gland secretes TH
follicles
58
which part of the anterior thyroid gland secretes calcitonin
parafollicular cells
59
what is the target of TH
most cells in the body
60
what is the structure of TH
amino acid
61
clinical implications of TH
hypothyroidism can cause myxedema or cretinism hyperthyroidism can lead to a condition known as Grave's disease
62
triiodothyronine is known as
T3
63
thyroxine is known as
T4
64
response decreases osteoclast activity and therefore lowers the amount of calcium in the blood boosts osteoblast activity
calcitonin
65
what is the structure of calcitonin
polypeptide
66
what is the target of calcitonin
bone
67
filled with colloid that produce and hold TH, look like rings of cuboidal cells
follicles of thyroid gland
68
between the follicles and secrete calcitonin
parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
69
4-6 small glands embedded in the posterior of the thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
70
response raises levels of blood calcium by breaking down bone, causes reaborption of calcium by kidney, and causes intestines to absorb more calcium and vitamin D
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
71
clinical implications of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
the parathyroid hormone can sometimes be removed when the thyroid is taken out
72
what is the structure of PTH
protein
73
what is the target of PTH
bones, kidneys, small intestine
74
sit on top of the kidneys composed of an epithelial cortex layer and a neuronal medulla
adrenal glands
75
what is the adrenal cortex made up of
epithelial cells (primarily cuboidal)
76
what is the adrenal medulla made up of
neuronal cells
77
layers of adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis
78
secretes mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
zona glomerulosa
79
secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol)
zona fasiculata
80
secretes sex hormones (androgens)
zona reticularis
81
response is to increase fat and protein breakdown to free up energy for metabolism and to inhibit the inflammatory response; also known as the stress hormone
cortisol
82
what is the target of cortisol
most tissues in the body
83
what is the structure of cortisol
steroid
84
controls nephron tubule permeability, and reabsorbs salts based on need, thus water will follow the salt back in by osmosis response: sodium ion reabsorption
aldosterone
85
what is the target of aldosterone
nephrons of the kidney
86
what is the structure of aldosterone
steroid
87
responsible for some secondary sex characteristics in females
androgens
88
what is the target of androgens
many tissues
89
what is the structure of androgens
steroid
90
medullary hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrone
91
what is the ratio of release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
80-20
92
responsible for "fight or flight" response
epinephrine and norepinephrine
93
what is the target of epinephrine and norepinephrine
heart, blood vessels, liver, and fat cells
94
what is the structure of epinephrine and norepinephrine
amino acid
95
the adrenal medulla is directly connected to what
the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system
96
every time you activate the sympathetic branch of the ANS, what happens
the medulla dumps epinephrine and norepinephrine directly in the blood
97
lies posterior to stomach and small intestine in retroperitoneal space secretes digestive enzymes (acinar cells) and hormones (islets)
pancreas
98
what type of pancreatic cells secrete insulin
beta cells
99
what type of pancreatic cells secrete glucagon
alpha cells
100
response increases intake of glucose by cells; usually part of the parasympathetic response after a meal when a lot of glucose is present in the blood
insulin
101
what is the target of insulin
liver, skeletal muscle, fat tissue
102
what is the structure of insulin
protein
103
what are adrenal cortical hormones
glucocorticoids (cortisol) mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) sex hormones (androgens)
104
response is associated with sympathetic response to low levels of glucose in the blood; stimulates breakdown of glycogen stores into usable glucose
glucagon
105
what is the target of glucagon
liver
106
what is the structure of glucagon
protein
107
endocrine cells that secrete insulin and glucagon; very distinct from the rest of pancreatic cells
pancreatic islets
108
surround the islets and secrete enzymes for digestion into the intestines
acinar cells
109
where are ovaries located
in the abdominopelvic region of the female body
110
where are the testes located
outside the abdomen in the scrotum
111
what are the female sex hormones
estrogen and progesterone
112
what are the male sex hormones
testosterone
113
responsible for secondary sex characteristics, menstural cycles
estrogen and progesterone
114
what is the structure of estrogen and progesterone
steroid
115
what is the target of estrogen and progesterone
most body tissues
116
responsible for secondary sex characteristics, libido, and sperm production
testosterone
117
what is the structure of testosterone
steroid
118
what is the target of testosterone
most body tissue
119
true or false: gonads only have endocrine functions
false; they have both endocrine and exocrine functions
120
what is the endocrine function of the testes
lutenizing hormone from the pituitary gland causes Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
121
what is the exocrine function of the testes
follicle stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland causes sperm cells to be created in seminiferous tubules
122
what is the endocrine function of the ovaries
follicle cells respond to follicle stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland and produces estrogen and progesterone during the uterine cycle
123
what is the exocrine function of the ovaries
lutenizing hormone from the pituitary gland causes the follicle to rupture and release the egg into the uterine tubes
124
which thyroid hormone is more metabolically active at target tissues
T3
125
which thyroid hormone is converted by enzymes at the target tissue
T4
126
how is thyroid hormone transported throughout the body
by thyroixine binding globulin
127
a protein that stabilizes the TH hormones while they are being shuttled to their targets
globulin

A+P 2 (21 decks)

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