Chapter 17 (Lecture) Flashcards
1
Q
blood makes up what percent of our body weight?
A
8%
2
Q
consists of four protein chains attached to a heme (iron-containing) group
iron is necessary for function
A
hemoglobin
3
Q
without iron and if hemoglobin doesn’t function properly, what can occur
A
anemia
4
Q
what is much more effective at binding oxygen than is adult hemoglobin
A
fetal hemoglobin
5
Q
binds irreversibly to hemoglobin, thus rendering it ineffective to carry oxygen
A
carbon monoxide
6
Q
functions to carry oxygen throughout the circulatory system to the tissues
A
hemoglobin
7
Q
essential for allowing CO2 and H2O to react
A
carbonic anhydrase
8
Q
how many oxygen atoms can bind to each heme group
A
1
9
Q
what is the typical blood volume in females
A
4-5L
10
Q
what is the typical blood volume in males
A
5-6 L
11
Q
what is the average temperature of blood
A
100.4 degrees Fahrenheit
12
Q
what is the typical pH of blood?
A
7.35-7.45
13
Q
what is the whole blood viscosity?
A
4.5-5.5
14
Q
what is the viscosity of plasma
A
2.0
15
Q
what is the mean salinity of blood
A
0.9%
16
Q
how much hemoglobin is typically in the female body?
A
12-16 g/dL
17
Q
how much hemoglobin is typically in the male body?
A
13-18 g/dL
18
Q
bright red blood is indicative of
A
oxygen rich blood
19
Q
dark red blood is indicative of
A
oxygen poor blood
20
Q
functions of blood
A
- distribution
- regulation
- protection
21
Q
formed elements
A
RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
22
Q
unformed elements
A
plasma
23
Q
what is meant by distribution when referring to blood?
A
blood is responsible for oxygen delivery, waste transport, and transport of hormones
24
Q
what is meant by regulation when referring to blood?
A
regulates body temperature, pH, fluid volume
25
what is meant by protection relating to blood?
prevens blood loss, protects immune functions
26
* 55% of blood by volume
* composed mainly of proteins dissolved in serum
* important proteins are albumins, globulins, fibrinogens
* also contains glucose, ions, and gases
plasma
27
* makes up 60% of plasma
* responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in capillaries
albumins
28
* makes up approx 36% of plasma
* consists of transport binding proteins and some antibodies
globulins
29
* approx 4% of plasma
* responsible for forming blood clots (inactivated form of thrombin)
fibrinogen
30
* 45% of blood volume
* not technically cells
* 4-6 mill/ul (microliter)
* small biconcave, anucleated disks
erythrocytes (RBCs)
31
what is the benefit of erythrocytes being small biconcave anucleated disks?
allows for increased surface area for gas exchange
32
* takes place in red bone marrow
* red blood cell production
hematopoiesis
33
bone marrow makes approx how much blood each day?
approx 1 oz
34
stem cells for blood cell production
hemocytoblast
35
RBCs are produced at what rate
2 million/sec
36
hormone released by kidney cells in response to:
* decreased RBC in circulation
* decreased O2 availability
* increased tissue demands for O2
stimulates red bone marrow to produce more RBCs
erythropoietin (EPO)
37
consists of leukocytes and makes up less than 1% fo whole blood
buffy coat
38
begins accumulating in phase 2 of RBC formation
hemoglobin
39
what is synthesized in phase 1 of RBC formation
ribosomes
40
the nucleoblast is ejected from what cell during RBC formation
normoblast
41
steps to erythropoeisis (RBC formation)
1. hemocytoblast
2. myeloid stem cell
3. proerythroblast
4. early erythroblast
5. late erythroblast
6. normoblast
7. reticulocyte
8. erythrocyte (RBC)
42
RBC stem cell, has receptors for erythropoetin
proerythroblast
43
cell that begins making hemoglobin during erythropoesis
erythroblast
44
often found in hypoxic solutions
reticulocyte
45
prefix meaning embolus or wedge
embal-
46
prefix meaning white or white blood cell
leuko-
47
prefix meaning clot or associated w/ blood clotting
thrombo-
48
prefix meaning blood
hemo-
49
prefix meaning bone marrow or spinal cord
myelo-
50
prefix meaning red or red blood cell
erythro-
51
a freely-moving clot that becomes lodged in a small lung vessel
pulmonary embolism
52
the process of synthesizing new red blood cells in red bone marrow
erythropoiesis
53
low white blood cell count
leukopenia
54
the process of stopping bleeding after injury
hemostasis
55
the hormone signal for increased production of platelets
thrombopoietin
56
an intermediate of the myeloid stem cell, gives rise to granulocytes
myeloblast
57
which plasma constituent is the main contributor to clotting
fibrinogen
58
which part of the hemoglobin molecule binds carbon dioxide for transport?
amino acids of the globin
## Footnote
the heme groups and iron ions are binding points for oxygen, while carbon dioxide binds to and is carried by the globin polypeptides. the combined form is called carbaminohemoglobin
59
# true or false:
erythrocytes can bend and twist to fit through vessels
true
60
in a centrifuged sample of blood, what should NOT be in the plasma portion of the sample?
platelets
## Footnote
platelets are dense enough that they should be in the buffy coat layer of centrifuged blood
61
what is a young anucleate erythrocyte called?
reticulocyte
## Footnote
Reticulocytes are a stage in erythrocyte development when the nucleus has just been lost. These are found in circulating blood, but they are typically only a small percent of total red cells.
62
how many oxygen molecules can be transported by one hemoglobin molecule
four
63
which of the formed elements is present in the greatest concentration
erythrocytes
64
what does NOT stimulate erythrocyte production
hyperventilating
## Footnote
Hyperventilating leads to an above-normal level of oxygen in the blood, which would not stimulate RBC production
65
results from vitamin B12 deficiency
pernicious anemia
## Footnote
Pernicious anemia does result from a vitamin B12 deficiency. The deficiency may be the result of inadequate dietary intake of vitamin B12, or the lack of intrinsic factor (produced in the stomach), which is required for absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestines.
66
Athletes can use industry-produced EPO as a performance-enhancing drug to increase the effects of their naturally-produced EPO. These athletes will experience
decreased production of EPO by their kidneys
67
Higher viscosity of blood will increase the amount of stress placed on the heart while it is pumping. Viscosity of blood is highest when
plasma levels are highest
68
# true or false:
the primary of RBCs in the adult human being is the bone marrow in the shafts of the long bones
false
69
in a cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy, the decision to utilize a CSF capable of specifically stimulating the production of only the granular leukocytes would require that the CSF acts exclusively on
myeloblasts
70
a person with an extremely high count of neutrophils is likely suffering from
a bacterial infection
71
which type of leukocyte provides protection against parasitic worms
eosinophils
72
what enzyme removes unneeded clots after healing has occurred?
plasmin
73
parent cell for all formed elements of blood
hematopoietic stem cell
74
You are awaiting the white blood cell differential results for a patient who presented with a ruptured appendix and peritonitis. Which type of leukocyte do you expect to be most elevated over its normal value?
neutrophils
## Footnote
Neutrophils are the body's bacteria slayers, so you would expect more of them to be present during a serious acute bacterial infection like the one your unfortunate patient has
75
Your patient has a hematocrit of 56%. You recall from your anatomy and physiology class that high hematocrits are often a sign of blood doping by athletes. However, your patient is an elderly man suffering from the flu. What is most likely accounting for his elevated hematocrit?
he is dehydrated from the flu
76
abnormally low number of leukocytes
leukopenia
77
blood is a type of connective tissue. what primary germ layer is responsible for both blood cells and phagocytic brain glial cells
mesoderm
78
how do platelets enter the blood
they are passed through the wall of a bone marrow capillary
## Footnote
Megakaryocytes place platelets in the blood by passing them through the wall of sinusoidal capillaries (with large openings in their walls) in the bone marrow.
79
hemostasis is important for
the stopage of bleeding
## Footnote
Hemostasis leads to stoppage of bleeding. The hemostasis response is fast, localized, and controlled. It involves clotting factors and substances released by damaged tissue and platelets.
80
what is one of the differences between extrinsic and intrinsic blood clotting pathways
one is faster than the other
81
loss of fibrinogen within the plasma would most likely cause
loss of blood clotting
82
# true or false
the immediate response to blood vessel injury is clotting
false
83
which ABO blood type is considered to be the universal recipient
AB
## Footnote
Type AB blood is considered to be the universal recipient because neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies (agglutinins) are present.
84
A mismatch of blood types during a transfusion is dangerous because
preformed antibodies in the recipient's blood will bind and clump (agglutinate) the donated cells
85
what is a benefit of utilizing packed red blood cells (PRBCs)
PRBCs contain hemoglobin, so they are able to carry oxygen to the tissues
86
if a patient's blood type was determined to be A positive, which blood types could they receive
A+, A-, O+, O-
87
# true or false:
a person with type B could receive blood from a person with either type B or type O blood
true
88
a person's hematocrit shows an unusually large buffy coat, what is a likely cause for this?
severe infection
89
a transfusion in which a patient predonates their own blood and is stored and is immediately available if needed during surgery
autologous transfusions
90
platelet deficiency
thrombocytopenia
91
typically genetic in origin and result in a lack of one or omore of the factors involved in the clotting cascade
hemophilias
92
typically only given in extreme cases, when blood loss is rapid and substantial
whole blood transfusions
93
red cells with the plasma and leukocytes removed; preferred for oxygen-restoring capacity
packed red blood cell transfusion
94
have A surface antigens, antibodies for B blood in plasma
A blood
95
has B surface antigens, antibodies for A blood in plasma
B blood
96
has AB surface antigens, no antibodies in plasma
AB blood
97
contains no surface antigens, antibodies for A and B in plasma
O blood
98
results from clotting in undamaged vessels
thromboembolytic conditions
99
clot in a vessel
thrombus
100
a floating clot
embolus
101
* truly cells, about 1% of blood by volume
* hormones and other stressors can stimulate production in bone marrow (leukopoiesis)
* 5,000-11,000/uL
leukocytes (WBCs)
102
heme is broken down into ... in the small intestine and iron is recycled; globins also recycled
bilirubin
103
the movement of leukocytes out of the blood vessels and into the site of an immune response
diapedesis
104
WBC count above 11,000/uL
leukocytosis
105
WBC count below 4800/uL
leukopenia
106
during fibrinolysis, after healing, the clot will begin to dissolve, partially through the help of which enzyme
plasmin
107
* once a clot has formed over a tear, actomyosin moleucles in the platelets begin to contract and draw the edges of the wound together
* fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells are stimulated by PDGF and begin laying down new matrix
* epithelial cells create endolthelial lining
* begins abut 30-60 min after a clot has formed
clot retraction
108
steps of hemostasis via clotting
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug formation
3. coagulation
109
* contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels surrounding an injury forms a temporary tourniquet
* allows the platelet plug to begin forming in the damaged area
* response can last up to 30 min
vascular spasm
110
* platelets adhere to underlying connective tissue (collagen) in damaged blood vessels
* as they accumulate they release prostaglandins, ADP, and other chemicals
* work well to fix the many small tears that occur in smaller vessels and capillaries each day
* once this is formed, then coagulation can begin
platelet plug formation
111
* extrinsic and intrinsic pathways work together to form a clot through the formation of activated thrombin and fibrin proteins
* factor X must be present to activate prothrombin factor to make thrombin
* thrombin converts inactive fibrinogen to fibrin, which acts as a glue to cover platelet plug
coagulation
112
what two enzymes are needed to make thrombin
factor X and prothrombin activator
113
an enzyme that converts inactive fibrinogen into activated fibrin
thrombin
114
clots would spread throughout the body from the site fo injury if not for
anticoagulants such as antithrombin and heparin
115
blood. normally flows smoothly along the ... of blood vessels
endothelium
116
if the endothelium is torn or damaged then what must occur?
a clot must form
117
what happens if a clot does not form?
a positive feedback pathway can result which leads to decreasing blood volume and eventually death
118
formation of new WBCs from hemocytoblasts
leukopoiesis
119
progenitor cell of eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils
myeloblasts
120
white blood cell production is typically stimulated by
hormonal factors
121
progenitor cell of lymphocytes
lymphoblasts
122
progenitor cell of monocytes
monoblast
123
* 150,000-400,000/uL
* fragments of megakaryocytes
* essential for proper clotting at the site of a wound and most often counted in with RBCs
* utilizes clotting chemicals such as serotonin, calcium, enzymes, PDGF
* last for about 9-10 days
platelets
124
* 3-8% of WBCs
* largest WBC
* nucleus generally kidney shaped
* voracious phagocyte that acts in long-term cleanup of chronic infections
* macrophages in lymph tissue
* important for activating lymphocytes during immune response
monocytes
125
* smallest WBC
* nucleus generally spherical and takes up most of cells
* about 20-30% of WBCs
* T-cells and B-cells
lymphocytes
126
directly attack antigens during the immune response, mainly viruses and tumor cells
T cells
127
produce antibodies that are released into the blood
B cells
128
* large round nuclei with no granules in cytoplasm
* more abundant in lymphoid tissue than blood
agranulocytes
129
what is the abundancy of wbcs in order from most to least
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
130
multi-lobed nuclei with granules in cytoplasm
granulocytes
131
* most abundant WBC (50-70%), nucleus has 3-5 lobes
* numbers increase during acute infections (usually bacterial in origin)
* phagocytose bacteria and some fungi
* destroy them by respiratory burst, creates bleaches and peroxides
neutrophils
132
* 1-4% of WBCs, nucleus often bi-lobed or figure 8 shaped
* cytoplasm dyes red in presence of eosin (acidic)
* usually higher during allergic responses or parasite attacks
* moderate inflammatory process in allergic responses by digesting immune complexes
* surround and destroy parasitic worms w/ enzymes
eosinophils
133
* <1% of WBC
* large U or S shaped nucleus, stains blue in presence of basic dyes
* releases histamine, which increases inflammation by causing vasodilation, as well as heparin
* release chemotaxic factors
* similar to mast cells found in connective tissue
basophils
134
caused by blood loss, treated by replacing blood (could result after stab wound)
hemorrhagic anemia
135
* erythrocytes rupture, or lyse, prematurely
* hemoglobin abnormalities, transfusion of mismatched blood, and certain bacterial and parasitic infections are possible causes
hemolytic anemia
136
may result from destruction or inhibition of the red marrow by certain drugs and chemicals, ionizing radiation, or viruses
aplastic anemia
137
insufficient hemoglobin per RBC
iron deficient anemia
138
lack of intrinisic factor + vitamin B12
pernicious anemia
139
caused by faulty globin chains
thalassemias
140
* genetic disease caused by a substitution of a single amino acid during transcription
* causes cell to become stiff and elongated due to malformed hemoglobin
sickle cell anemia
141
causes of excessive RBCs
* polycythemia vera
* blood doping
* dehydration
142
excessive RBCs caused by marrow cancer
polycythemia vera
