Chapter 27 (Lecture) Flashcards
fibrous sheath encasing testes, dividing into septa
tunica albuginea
tubules where sperm production occurs in the testes
seminiferous tubules
cells in the testes producing testosterone
leydig cells
structure where immature sperm are stored and matured
epididymis
contains gonadal arteries, veins, and sperm transport ducts
spermatic cord
glands adding fructose and prostaglandins to sperm during ejaculation
seminal vesicles
primary sex organs
testes, ovaries
secondary sex organs
- ducts
- glands
- penis
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- vagina
determined by the pairing of the 23rd chromosomes
sex differentiation
begins about week 5 or 6 of gestation
gonadal differentiation
has a gene called SRY that codes for a protein called TDF
Y chromosome
turns on androgen receptors in other cells which begins the masculinization process
TDF
true or false:
male and female genitalia are homologues
true
orgasm in females is followed by a relaxation phase, but no refractory period as there is in males
female sexual resolution
- increases in pulse rate, heart rate, muscle tension throughout body, and uterine smooth muscle contractions
- paraurethral glands sometimes expel fluid at this point
female orgasm
- upper part of vagina dilates and becomes cavernous
- uterine is tilted almost straight up
- lower portion of vagina becomes constricted and forms the orgasmic platform
female plateau
- clitoris, breasts, vagina engorge with blood and vestibular glands begin secreting lubrication
- blood flow to these structures is under control of the parasympahetic nervous system
- stimulated by a variety of factors: physical contact, emotions, sights, sounds, smells, etc
female excitement
phases of female sexual response
- excitement
- plateau
- orgasm
- resolution
- monthly events associated with the endometrium of the uterus
- the events of the menstural cycle are coordinated with the events of the ovarian cycle and overseen by the gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH)
- 4 major stages
uterine (menstrual) cycle
- walls of endometrium shed during menses
- levels of estrogen and progesterone are low
- by day 5 estrogens are being produced by the developing follicles
menstrual phase (days 1-5)
- the developing follicle secretes increased amounts of estrogen that promotes the thickening of the endometrial functional layer
- endometrial glands and spinal arteries being to invade this new layer
proliferative phase (days 6-14)
- endometrium prepares for implantation
- progesterone from the corpus luteum causes secretions and blood flow to increase
- progesterone also causes the cervical mucosa to form a “plug” to prevent entrance of any additional sperm into the uterus
secretory phase (days 15-26)
- if implantation does not occur the corpus luteum degenerates and the endometrium begins to die off
- the spiral arteries of the endometrium constrict and restrict blood flow, causing the functional layer atrophy
- just before menstruation the spinal arteries vasodilate and this tears the endometrium away causes the blood flow associated with menstruation
premenstrual phase (days 26-28)
phases of the ovarian cycle
follicular and luteal