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A+P 2 > Chapter 27 (Lecture) > Flashcards

Chapter 27 (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

fibrous sheath encasing testes, dividing into septa

A

tunica albuginea

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2
Q

tubules where sperm production occurs in the testes

A

seminiferous tubules

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3
Q

cells in the testes producing testosterone

A

leydig cells

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4
Q

structure where immature sperm are stored and matured

A

epididymis

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5
Q

contains gonadal arteries, veins, and sperm transport ducts

A

spermatic cord

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6
Q

glands adding fructose and prostaglandins to sperm during ejaculation

A

seminal vesicles

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7
Q

primary sex organs

A

testes, ovaries

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8
Q

secondary sex organs

A
  • ducts
  • glands
  • penis
  • uterine tubes
  • uterus
  • vagina
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9
Q

determined by the pairing of the 23rd chromosomes

A

sex differentiation

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10
Q

begins about week 5 or 6 of gestation

A

gonadal differentiation

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11
Q

has a gene called SRY that codes for a protein called TDF

A

Y chromosome

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12
Q

turns on androgen receptors in other cells which begins the masculinization process

A

TDF

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13
Q

true or false:

male and female genitalia are homologues

A

true

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14
Q

orgasm in females is followed by a relaxation phase, but no refractory period as there is in males

A

female sexual resolution

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15
Q
  • increases in pulse rate, heart rate, muscle tension throughout body, and uterine smooth muscle contractions
  • paraurethral glands sometimes expel fluid at this point
A

female orgasm

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16
Q
  • upper part of vagina dilates and becomes cavernous
  • uterine is tilted almost straight up
  • lower portion of vagina becomes constricted and forms the orgasmic platform
A

female plateau

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17
Q
  • clitoris, breasts, vagina engorge with blood and vestibular glands begin secreting lubrication
  • blood flow to these structures is under control of the parasympahetic nervous system
  • stimulated by a variety of factors: physical contact, emotions, sights, sounds, smells, etc
A

female excitement

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18
Q

phases of female sexual response

A
  1. excitement
  2. plateau
  3. orgasm
  4. resolution
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19
Q
  • monthly events associated with the endometrium of the uterus
  • the events of the menstural cycle are coordinated with the events of the ovarian cycle and overseen by the gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH)
  • 4 major stages
A

uterine (menstrual) cycle

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20
Q
  • walls of endometrium shed during menses
  • levels of estrogen and progesterone are low
  • by day 5 estrogens are being produced by the developing follicles
A

menstrual phase (days 1-5)

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21
Q
  • the developing follicle secretes increased amounts of estrogen that promotes the thickening of the endometrial functional layer
  • endometrial glands and spinal arteries being to invade this new layer
A

proliferative phase (days 6-14)

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22
Q
  • endometrium prepares for implantation
  • progesterone from the corpus luteum causes secretions and blood flow to increase
  • progesterone also causes the cervical mucosa to form a “plug” to prevent entrance of any additional sperm into the uterus
A

secretory phase (days 15-26)

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23
Q
  • if implantation does not occur the corpus luteum degenerates and the endometrium begins to die off
  • the spiral arteries of the endometrium constrict and restrict blood flow, causing the functional layer atrophy
  • just before menstruation the spinal arteries vasodilate and this tears the endometrium away causes the blood flow associated with menstruation
A

premenstrual phase (days 26-28)

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24
Q

phases of the ovarian cycle

A

follicular and luteal

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25
Q
  • the monthly events associated with maturation of an egg and preparation of the uterus to receive a conceptus
  • averages 28 days but variations are very common
A

sexual cycle

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26
Q
  • under the influence of FSH primary follicles become secondary follicles (which contain granulosa cells and a zona pellicuda, as well as a filled antrum)
A

day 1-5 of follicular phase

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27
Q

secrete estrogens

A

granulsoa cells

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28
Q
  • preovulatory phase where one secondary follicle becomes dominant and will eventually become a mature (Graafian) follicle
  • by the end of this stage follicle is mature and ready for ovulation
A

days 6-14 of follicular phase

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29
Q
  • a day or two before this phase, estradiol from the follicle triggers a positive feedback loop between the anterior pituitary and the mature follicle
  • other follicles in different stages of development degenerate
  • follicle swells as fluid fills the antrum
  • when ovarian wall ruptures it releases secondary oocyte into peritoneal cavity
A

ovulation

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30
Q

weakens the wall of the follicle and ovary

A

plasmin

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31
Q
  • the follicle collapses, fills the lipids and becomes a corpus luteum and secretes increased amounts of progesterone
  • LH and FSH levels decline as estrogen and progesterone take over as the primary hormones in this phase
A

luteal phase of ovulation cycle (days 14-25)

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32
Q

what happens if pregnancy doesn’t occur

A

the corpus luteum quits secreting hormones and degenerates into the corpus albicans (scar tissue)

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33
Q

what happens if pregnancy occurs

A

a positive feedback with the developing placenta keeps the corpus luteum patent until about the third month of gestation

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34
Q

if the testes fail to descend in puberty, will secondary sex characteristics develop in the male?

A

no, they won’t develop and the man will be sterile

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35
Q

develops into the female duct system

A

paramesonephric ducts

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36
Q

finger-like projections that brush over the ovary

A

fimbriae

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37
Q

site of the pap smear

A

cervix

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38
Q

site of fertilization

A

uterine tubes

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39
Q

cascade of reproductive hormones in males

A

GnRH –> LH/FSH, testosterone, inhibin

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40
Q

secretes testosterone

A

interstitial endocrine cells

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41
Q

muscular wall of the uterus

A

myometrium

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42
Q

organ that makes estrogen and progesterone

A

ovary

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43
Q

receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized ovum

A

uterus

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44
Q

located between seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone

A

interstitial cells

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45
Q

pH of the adult female vagina is normally

A

acidic

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46
Q

visceral peritoneum over uterus

A

perimetrium

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47
Q

house and form the female gametes

A

ovaries

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48
Q

effects of testosterone

A
  • maintains male secondary sex characteristics
  • maintains male libido
  • stimulates maturation of male sex organs
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49
Q

narrow neck or outlet of the uterus

A

cervix

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50
Q

in response to parasympathetic stimulation,

A

blood flow increases to the penis

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51
Q

generally the site of fertilization of the ovulated oocyte

A

uterine tubes

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52
Q

undescended testes

A

cryptorchidism

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53
Q

which structure passes through the inguinal canal

A

spermatic cord

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54
Q

in a vasectomy which part of the male duct system is cut

A

ductus deferens

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55
Q

which structure makes up most of the male urethral length

A

spongy urethra

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56
Q

cools arterial blood to keep the testes below core temperature

A

pampiniform venous plexus

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57
Q

site of sperm storage

A

epididymis

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58
Q

in response to warmth, the scrotum

A

increases its surface area

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59
Q

the reason why the testes are suspended in the scrotum is

A

to provide for a cooler temperature

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60
Q

surrounds the male urethra

A

corpus spongiosum

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61
Q

which structure makes up most of the penis

A

corpus cavernosa

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62
Q

when does crossing over occur

A

meiosis I

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63
Q

which structures are sperm factories

A

seminiferous tubules

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64
Q

surround seminiferous tubules and contract rhythmically to squeeze sperm and testicular fluid through the tubules out of the testes

A

myoid cells

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65
Q

accessory ducts from proximal to distal

A

epididymis –> ductus deferens –> ejaculatory duct –> urethra

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66
Q

If an untrained person induces an abortion and severely punctures the posterior vaginal wall, there is a potential risk of the puncture wound extending onward into the wall of the

A

rectum

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67
Q

The number of chromosomes in a human gamete is __________; this is referred to as a __________ chromosome number.

A

23; haploid

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68
Q

roles of primary sex organs

A
  • production of gametes
  • production of sex hormones
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69
Q

Why are the male testes located in the scrotum, outside the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

spermatogenesis

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70
Q

true or false:

viable sperm production is optimal below the body’s core temperature

A

true

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71
Q

what structures are contained within the spermatic cord

A

testicular arteries and veins

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72
Q

Why doesn’t semen enter the urinary bladder during ejaculation?

A

the smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary sphincter closes

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73
Q

which structure produces the greatest amount of secretions found in semen

A

seminal glands

The secretions of the seminal glands account for some 70% of semen volume and function to increase sperm motility and fertilizing ability.

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74
Q

what might be reported by a man with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

A
  • feeling the bladder is full, even after just urinating
  • having to strain to urinate
  • pain after ejaculation or during urination
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75
Q

erection of the penis results from

A

a parasympathetic reflex that promotes the release of nitric oxide

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76
Q

what is the testicular target for FSH

A

sustentocytes (Sertoli cells)

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77
Q

in males, what is the target and result of LH stimulation

A

interstitial endocrine cells; increased androgen secretions

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78
Q

what part of the female system is the usual site of fertilization of the ovulated oocyte

A

uterine (fallopian) tube

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79
Q

which layer of the uterus is made of the smooth muscle

A

myometrium

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80
Q

pathway of the egg after leaving the ovary and entering the uterine tube

A
  1. infundibulum
  2. ampulla
  3. isthmus
  4. uterus
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81
Q

what is shed during each menstruation

A

functional layer of the endometrium

82
Q

what is the functional layer of the endometrium regenerated by

A

the basal layer of the endometrium

83
Q

what is the main difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis in terms of meiosis

A

number of functional gametes produced is different

84
Q

secretion of progesterone stimulates

A

the preparation of the mammary glands for lactation

85
Q

normally menstruation occurs when

A

blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decreases

86
Q

high estrogen levels result in a surge of which hormone

A

LH

87
Q

true or false:

the anterior pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation is estrogen

A

false

88
Q

what event coincides with the transition from the proliferative phase to the secretory phase

A

ovulation occurs

89
Q

if a male undergoes a vasectomy, what can no longer take place

A

passage of sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra

90
Q

true or false:

male erection is a response to parasympathetic reflex, and ejaculation is a response to a sympathetic reflex

A

true

90
Q

A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would ________.

A

be unable to produce viable sperm

91
Q

true or false:

ovarian follicles contain mature eggs

A

false

92
Q

which hormone is produced by the developing follicles and corpus luteum

A

estrogens

93
Q

During the ovarian cycle, FSH exerts its main effects on the granulosa cells of vesicular follicles, causing them to release __________.

A

estrogens

94
Q

Female libido seems to be driven by both ___________ and DHEA (an androgen produced by the adrenal cortex).

A

estrogens

95
Q

Stimulates granulosa cells to release estrogens

A

FSH

96
Q

the functional layer of the endometrium is shed in response to

A

decreased ovaran hormones

97
Q

ovulation in a typical, or “average”, cycle usually occurs on day

A

14

98
Q

GnRH acts upon what to encourage the release of FSH and LH

A

anterior pituitary

99
Q

what gland secretes LH

A

anterior pituitary

100
Q

mucosal lining of uterine cavity

A

endometrium

101
Q

promotes the secretory phase of the uterine cycle

A

progesterone

102
Q

shed during menstruation

A

stratum functionalis of endometrium

103
Q

first menstrual period

A

menarche

104
Q

which cell type is actually ovulated from the ovary

A

secondary oocyte

105
Q

which hormone is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics found in women

A

estrogen

106
Q

effects of estrogen

A
  • promotes oogenesis
  • promotes the development of secondary sex characteristics in females
  • helps to sustain the density of the skeleton
107
Q

within the ovary, progesterone is produced by

A

the corpus luteum

108
Q

smooth muscle of the uterus

A

myometrium

109
Q

a sexually transmitted infection that is associated with cervical cancer

A

HPV (human papillomavirus)

110
Q

ovulation and menses cease

A

menopause

111
Q

stimulates anterior pituitary release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH)

A

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

112
Q

where is GnRH produced

A

hypothalamus

113
Q

most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the U.S.

A

chlamydia

114
Q

in which uterine phase does the functional layer of the endometrium start to rebuild

A

proliferative

115
Q

regulate development of a follicle

A

FSH and LH

116
Q
  • begins after week 6 of gestation, don’t pass through the inguinal canal until sometime in the 7th month
  • follows the gubernaculum
A

descent of testes

117
Q

undescended testes at birth

A

cryptorchidism

118
Q

primary organs of the male reproductive system

A

testes

119
Q

secondary organs of the male reproductive system

A

ducts, glands, penis

120
Q

contains the gonadal veins and arteries, nerve supply and the duct system for transporting the sperm out of the testes

A

spermatic cord

121
Q

skeletal muscle, which draws the sac upward

A

cremaster

122
Q

smooth muscle, which causes the skin to wrinkle and contract decreasing surface area of the scrotum

A

dartos

123
Q

countercurrent heat exchanger to keep the warm arterial blood from overheating the testes

A

pampiniform plexus

124
Q

carry immature sperm into the epididymis where they are stored and matured

A

efferent ductules

125
Q

each testis is encased in a fibrous sheath of tissue known as

A

tunica albuginea

126
Q

two main cellular structures of the testes

A
  • interstitial cells (testosterone production)
  • seminiferous tubules (sperm production)
127
Q

transport the immature sperm cells into the efferent ductules

A

rete testes

128
Q

secretes a small amount of seminal fluid along with the sperm that it stores

A

epididymis

129
Q

travels up through the inguinal canal in the spermatic cord and runs posteriorly over the top of the bladder where they join in an expanded area known as the ampulla

A

ductus deferens

130
Q

junction of the two ductus deferens

A

common ejaculatory duct

131
Q

large glands that sit right behind the bladder and empty into the ejactulatory ducts

A

seminal vesicles

132
Q
  • a donut shaped gland that surrounds the urethra just inferior to the bladder
  • ejaculatory duct joins urethra in this region
A

prostate gland

133
Q

urethral pathway

A

prostatic urethra –> membranous urethra –> penile urethra

134
Q

produces and secretes a simple sugar (fructose) medium that nourishes the sperm on their journey. also secretes coagulating enzymes and prostaglandins

A

seminal vesicle

135
Q

secretes a milky alkaline substance that helps to activate sperm and secretes PSA

A

prostate gland

136
Q

dissolves coagulating enzymes inside vagina, often used to screen for prostate cancer

A

PSA

137
Q

blood flow to the penis is controlled by the

A

parasympathetic NS

138
Q

secretes a thick mucous-like alkaline substance that helps neutralize the acidity in the urethral and vaginal region so that sperm will survive

A

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Glands

139
Q

erectile tissue of the penis

A

2 corpus cavernosa, 1 corpus spongiosum

140
Q

fill with blood during sexual arousal, which causes erection

A

corpus cavernosa

141
Q

expands forward and forms the glans penis that is a highly innervated region that becomes very sensitive during sexual arousal and during intercourse

A

corpus spongiosum

142
Q

puberty/adolescence begins when in boys

A

10-12 y

143
Q

stimulates the leydig cells to produce testosterone

A

LH

144
Q

binds primarily to Sertoli and germ cells and causes spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules

A

FSH

145
Q
  • primary male sexual hormone that determines secondary sexual characteristics, and to some extent also male sexual behavior
  • responsible for increasing metabolic rate and stimulating growth during puberty
A

testosterone

146
Q
  • under control of the sympathetic NS
  • smooth muscle in the walls of reproductive organs and accessory organs contract and empty their contents into the urethra
  • rhythmic contractioonos at the base of the penis propel the semen forcefully out of the urethra
  • resolution period can last minutes or hours
A

ejaculation/orgasm

147
Q
  • during arousal blood is allowed to enter the erectile tissue, but veins leading out are compressed preventing outflow of blood
  • HR, PR, vasocongestion increased
  • myotonia increased
A

excitement/plateau

148
Q
  • stimulated by a variety of factors: physical contact, emotions, sigihts, sounds, smells, etc
  • increased blood flow due to parasympathetic NS
  • filling of cavernosa and spongiosum w/ blood
A

erection

149
Q

activates cGMP second messenger system in the deep arteries of the penis and causes vasodilation

A

nitrous oxide

150
Q

mechanism of viagra

A

inhibits the breakdown of cGMP to help maintain erection

151
Q

flattened nucleus, topped with enzyme filled acrosome

A

spermatic head

152
Q

contains many mitochondria packed tightly together

A

midpiece of the sperm cell

153
Q

flagellum, propulsion of the system

A

sperm cell tail

154
Q

chromosomes replicate and then split into pairs (homologues), wich form into 2 daughter cells

A

meiosis I

155
Q

two daughter cells go through the splitting process again, but there is no chromosome replication; end result is 4 daughter cells w/ half as many chromosomes as the parent cell

A

meiosis II

156
Q
  • cell division in which one diploid parent cell becomes 4 haploid daughter cells
  • the purpose is to reduce the number of chromosomes in the gametes
  • occurs in male and female reproductive organs
A

meiosis

157
Q

remain in the walls of seminiferous tubules as germ cells

A

type A daughter cells

158
Q

go on to enter meiosis as primary speratocytes

A

type B daughter cells

159
Q

how many spermatids are produced from the original diploid cell

A

4

160
Q

located in the walls of the seminiferous tubules and divide by mitosis to form 2 daughter cells

A

spermatagonium

161
Q

formed during meiosis I

A

2 daugehr cells

162
Q

is the primary spermatocyte haploid or diploid

A

diploid

163
Q

mature spermatids

A

spermatozoa

164
Q

secondary spermatocytes divide without replicating their DNA and give rise to the 4 spermatids

A

meiosis II

165
Q

undergo mitosis during fetal development and enter a suspended state by the time a female baby is born

A

oogonia

166
Q
  • diploid cell present in the primordial follicles at birth
  • remain in suspended animation until puberty when they are activated by the pituitary sex hormone
A

primary oocytes

167
Q

secolndary oocyte and polar body produced

A

meisosis I

168
Q

what is ovulated

A

secondary oocyte

169
Q
  • another polar body is formed but atrophies
  • only complete if a sperm penetrates the protective covering of the egg, otherwise the secondary oocyte will be lost in the menstrual flow
A

meiosis II

170
Q

occur when a woman has only about 1000 eggs left in her ovaries

A

climateric and menopause

171
Q
  • primary female sex hormone
  • most abundant version is estradiol
  • responsible for most of the changes seen in puberty
A

estrogen

172
Q
  • acts more on the uterus, preparing it for a possible pregnancy
  • linked in a negative feedback to the hypothalamus
A

progesterone

173
Q

begins ages 9-10
development of breast buds is usually first outward sign

A

puberty/adolescence of females

174
Q

onset of menstruation and begins around age 12; first few or more menstrual cycles are usually anovulatory

A

menarche

175
Q

formed by the junction of the labia minora and forms a hood over the clitoris

A

prepuce

176
Q

the homologue to the glans penis in males; contains erectile tissue, and is highly innervated with sensory receptors

A

clitoris

177
Q

lie on either side of the vaginal opening and produce mucous-like secretions during sexual arousal and intercourse

A

vestibular glands

178
Q

the region into which the urethra and vagina open

A

vestibule

179
Q

smaller folds enclosed by the labia majora that directly surround the vestibule

A

labia minora

180
Q

usually in contact with one another to protect the deeper structures of the vestibule

A

labia majora

181
Q

swelling over the area of the pubic symphysis

A

mons pubis

182
Q
  • paired, almond shaped organs that sit on either side of the uterus in the pelvic cavity
  • separated by a CT sheath called the tunica albuginea
  • about 1.5” long and 0.5” thick
  • separated into a cortex and medulla
A

ovaries

183
Q

houses large blood vessels and nerve supply

A

ovarian medulla

184
Q

where gametes develop

A

ovarian cortex

185
Q

develop in an ovarian follicle under the control of FSH and LH

A

ova

186
Q
  • the starting point of follicular development and the basic functional unit of female reproduction
  • are formed around birth, and most then enter a dormant state
A

primordial follicle

187
Q

defined by the presence of one or more cuboidal granulosa cells that are arranged in a single layer surrounding the oocyte

A

primary follicle

188
Q
  • look very similar to primary follicles, except that they are larger, there are more follicular cells, and there are small accumulations of fluid in the intracellular spaces called follicular fluid (nutritive fluid for the oocyte)
  • these gradually coalesce to form an antrum.
A

secondary follicle

189
Q

process by which mature follicles eject their ova from the ovary

A

ovulation

190
Q

a fluid-filled structure in the mammalian ovary within which an ovum develops before ovulation

A

vesicular (Graafian) follicle

191
Q

what remains of the ruptured follicle after ovulation, produces high levels of estrogen and progesterone

A

corpus luteum

192
Q

blood flow to the walls of the vaginal and external genitalia is under what type of control

A

parasympathetic control

193
Q

what property of the vagina prevents infection

A

acidity

194
Q

release glycogens, which are metabolized into lactic acid that make the vagina acidic

A

epithelial cells (stratified squamous)

195
Q
  • lies between the rectum and urethra
  • composed of adventita, muscularis, and mucosa layers
  • thin walled muscular tube that is about 4” long
  • walls highly distensible
A

vagina

196
Q

serous membrane covering the upper halve of the uterus

A

perimetrium

197
Q

contain layers of smooth muscle that contract during childbirth

A

myometrium

198
Q

an epithelial membrane that lines the inside of the uterus

A

endometrium

199
Q

layer of epithelium that is built up and lost each month during menstruatioln

A

stratum functionalis

200
Q

the thinner permanent layer that forms a new stratum functionalis each month

A

stratum basalis

A+P 2 (21 decks)

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