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A+P 2 > Lab 9: Reproductive Anatomy > Flashcards

Lab 9: Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q
  • walls of the endometrium are sloughed off during menses
  • slightly elevated levels of FSH early in the cycle cause the beginning of follicle formation
  • levels of estrogen and progesterone are low
A

days 1-5 of menstrual cycle

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2
Q

developing follicle secretes increased amounts of estrogen and progesterone that promote the thickening of the endometrial wall

A

proliferative phase

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3
Q

what hormone surges and promotes ovulation around day 14 of the cycle

A

lutenizing hormone (LH)

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4
Q
  • proliferative phase
  • a day or two before ovulation, there is an LH surge that promotes ovulation around day 14 of the cycle
A

day 6-14 of the menstural cycle

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5
Q
  • LH aids in conversion of ruptured follicle into corpus luteum, which secretes high levels of estrogen and progesterone
  • the increased levels of steroids cause the secretory phase of the uterine cycle
  • menstruation begins again on day 28 (or around)
A

days 15-28 of the menstrual cycle

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6
Q

triggers ovulation, regulates development of corpus luteum

A

lutenizing hormone (LH)

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7
Q

which two hormones regulate the development of a follicle

A

FSH and LH

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8
Q

stimulates follicle development

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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9
Q
  • diploid
  • produced by oogonia through mitosis
  • arrested in prophase of meiosis I
A

primary oocyte

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10
Q

result from completion of meiosis during each ovarian cycle

A

secondary oocyte and polar body

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11
Q
  • meiosis II occurs
  • secondary oocyte divides to create an ovum and more polar bodies (unduplicated chromosomes)
  • polar bodies atrophy, ovum ready for fertilization
A

fertilization

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12
Q

primary male sexual hormone that determines secondary sexual characteristics and to some extent also male sexual behavior

A

testosterone

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13
Q

the more testosterone that is present in the blood, the (more/less) GnRH that is released from the hypothallamus

A

less

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14
Q

role of LH in the physiology of male reproduction

A

stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone

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15
Q

role of FSH in the physiology of male reproduction

A

binds primarily to Sertoli and germ cells and causes spermatogenesis in teh seminiferous tubules

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16
Q
  • diploid
  • cell replicates its DNA then divides during Meiosis I to form the two secondary spermatocytes
A

primary spermatocyte

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17
Q

2 secondary spermatocytes are formed and undergo the second meiotic division resulting in

A

4 haploid spermatids

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18
Q

spermatids are stored in where to mature into spermatozoa

A

epididymis

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19
Q

what are the main reproductive systems of the male reproductive system

A

testes

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20
Q

testes are contained within what outside the abdominal cavity

A

scrotal sac

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21
Q

scrotal sac is controlled by which two muscles

A
  • cremaster (skeletal)
  • dartos (smooth)
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22
Q

draws the scrotal sac upward

A

cremaster

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23
Q

causes the skin to wrinkle and contract decreasing surface area

A

dartos

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24
Q

a mass of coiled up tubules on thhe posterior surface of the testes that stores immature sperm cells until they are ready for ejaculation

A

epididymis

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25
Q

carry immature sperm into the epididymis where they are stored and matured

A

efferent ductules

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26
Q

what leads into the efferent ductules

A

rete testes

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27
Q

fibrous sheath of tissue encasing each testis and divides into septa

A

tunica albuginea

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28
Q

makes compartments where the seminiferous tubules lay

A

septa

29
Q

background tissue of the ovary

A

stroma

30
Q

often seen on the periphery of the ovary

A

primordial follicles

31
Q

contains the primary oocyte

A

primary follicles

32
Q

a second follicle that forms around the primary follicle

A

secondary follicle

33
Q

seen after ovulation as a flattened disk of follicle cells, secretes progesterone

A

corpus luteum

34
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if no pregnancy occurs

A

becomes corpus albicans and disappears

35
Q
  • surrounds vestibule
  • pair of thin, longitudinal skin folds
  • folds unite and form a prepuce over the clitoris anteriorly
A

labia minora

36
Q

region into which the urethra and the vagina open

A

vestibule

37
Q

role of the labia majora and mons pubis

A

protect deeper structures of the vestibule

38
Q

rounded folds of skin that cover the area of the vestibule

A

labia majora

39
Q

a swelling over the area of the pubic symphysis

A

mons pubis

40
Q

a mucous membrane covering that lines the free surface of the uterus and is the site of embryo implantation

A

endometrium

41
Q

contains layers of smooth muscle that contract during childbirth (also during menstruation)

A

myometrium

42
Q

serous membrane covering the upper half of the uterus (parietal peritoneum)

A

perimetirum

43
Q

3 major areas of the uterus

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • cervix
44
Q

uterine tubes enter superiorly into which region

A

fundus

45
Q

in which region (not tissue) of the uterus does the embryo implant

A

body

46
Q

region between the uterus and the vagina

A

cervix

47
Q
  • muscular tube 4-6” long
  • separate from the urethral opening, as it lies posteriorly
A

vagina

48
Q

finger-like projections which help guide the egg into the oviduct

A

fimbriae

49
Q

extend laterally from the uterus and runs for about 10cm upward and laterally to where it folds over and terminates into a funnel shaped infundibulum, which surrounds the ovary

A

uterine/fallopian tubes

50
Q
  • site of ova storage
  • not attached to uterine tubes directly
  • eggs develop in a follicle under control of FSH and LH
  • follicle erupts at ovulation and expels egg into oviduct
  • follicular cells become corpus luteum
A

ovaries

51
Q

produces varying levels of estrogen and progesterone throughout the menstural cycle

A

corpus luteum

52
Q

parts of the sperm

A
  • head
  • midpiece
  • tail
53
Q

contains DNA and acrosome

A

head of sperm

54
Q

digestive enzymes for penetrating the outer covering of the egg

A

acrosome

55
Q

contains numerous mitochondria to provide energy for the tail

A

midpiece of the sperm

56
Q

sperm producing; numerous tubes seen in cross sections of testicular cells

A

seminiferous tubules

57
Q
  • small clusters in between seminferous tubules
  • produce testosterone
A

interstitial (Leydig) cells

58
Q

propulsion of sperm and glandular secretions are accomplished by

A

rhythmic smooth muscle contraction that occurs during orgasm

59
Q
  • about 60% of secretions
  • produces and secretes a fructose medium, which nourishes the sperm on their journey, also clotting enzymes and prostaglandins
A

seminal vesicle

60
Q
  • about 30% of secretions
  • secretes a milky alkaline substance that helps to activate sperm. also fibrinolysin
A

prostate gland

61
Q
  • about 5% of secretions
  • secretes a thick mucous-like alkaline substance that helps neutralize the acidity in the urethral and vaginal region so that sperm survive
A

bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands

62
Q

travels up through the spermatic cord and enters the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal

A

ductus deferens

63
Q

parts of the urethra (in order) of the male reproductive system

A

prostatic urethra –> membranous urethra –> penile urethra

64
Q

conjuction between the reproductive and urinary systems in males

A

prostate gland

65
Q

seminal vesicle joins ductus deferens and becomes

A

common ejaculatory duct

66
Q

at birth, the glans penis is covered by a double fold of skin known as … which is usually removed from circumcision shortly after birth

A

prepuce

67
Q

corpus spongiosum expands forward and forms …, which is a highly innervated region that becomes very sensitive during sexual arousal and during intercourse

A

glans penis

68
Q

blood vessels entering the penis are innervated by

A

parasympathetic nerves

69
Q

during sexual arousal, these are flooded with blood and cause the penis to become erect

A

erectile tissue (2 corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosum)

A+P 2 (21 decks)

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