Lab 9: Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards
- walls of the endometrium are sloughed off during menses
- slightly elevated levels of FSH early in the cycle cause the beginning of follicle formation
- levels of estrogen and progesterone are low
days 1-5 of menstrual cycle
developing follicle secretes increased amounts of estrogen and progesterone that promote the thickening of the endometrial wall
proliferative phase
what hormone surges and promotes ovulation around day 14 of the cycle
lutenizing hormone (LH)
- proliferative phase
- a day or two before ovulation, there is an LH surge that promotes ovulation around day 14 of the cycle
day 6-14 of the menstural cycle
- LH aids in conversion of ruptured follicle into corpus luteum, which secretes high levels of estrogen and progesterone
- the increased levels of steroids cause the secretory phase of the uterine cycle
- menstruation begins again on day 28 (or around)
days 15-28 of the menstrual cycle
triggers ovulation, regulates development of corpus luteum
lutenizing hormone (LH)
which two hormones regulate the development of a follicle
FSH and LH
stimulates follicle development
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- diploid
- produced by oogonia through mitosis
- arrested in prophase of meiosis I
primary oocyte
result from completion of meiosis during each ovarian cycle
secondary oocyte and polar body
- meiosis II occurs
- secondary oocyte divides to create an ovum and more polar bodies (unduplicated chromosomes)
- polar bodies atrophy, ovum ready for fertilization
fertilization
primary male sexual hormone that determines secondary sexual characteristics and to some extent also male sexual behavior
testosterone
the more testosterone that is present in the blood, the (more/less) GnRH that is released from the hypothallamus
less
role of LH in the physiology of male reproduction
stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone
role of FSH in the physiology of male reproduction
binds primarily to Sertoli and germ cells and causes spermatogenesis in teh seminiferous tubules
- diploid
- cell replicates its DNA then divides during Meiosis I to form the two secondary spermatocytes
primary spermatocyte
2 secondary spermatocytes are formed and undergo the second meiotic division resulting in
4 haploid spermatids
spermatids are stored in where to mature into spermatozoa
epididymis
what are the main reproductive systems of the male reproductive system
testes
testes are contained within what outside the abdominal cavity
scrotal sac
scrotal sac is controlled by which two muscles
- cremaster (skeletal)
- dartos (smooth)
draws the scrotal sac upward
cremaster
causes the skin to wrinkle and contract decreasing surface area
dartos
a mass of coiled up tubules on thhe posterior surface of the testes that stores immature sperm cells until they are ready for ejaculation
epididymis
carry immature sperm into the epididymis where they are stored and matured
efferent ductules
what leads into the efferent ductules
rete testes
fibrous sheath of tissue encasing each testis and divides into septa
tunica albuginea
makes compartments where the seminiferous tubules lay
septa
background tissue of the ovary
stroma
often seen on the periphery of the ovary
primordial follicles
contains the primary oocyte
primary follicles
a second follicle that forms around the primary follicle
secondary follicle
seen after ovulation as a flattened disk of follicle cells, secretes progesterone
corpus luteum
what happens to the corpus luteum if no pregnancy occurs
becomes corpus albicans and disappears
- surrounds vestibule
- pair of thin, longitudinal skin folds
- folds unite and form a prepuce over the clitoris anteriorly
labia minora
region into which the urethra and the vagina open
vestibule
role of the labia majora and mons pubis
protect deeper structures of the vestibule
rounded folds of skin that cover the area of the vestibule
labia majora
a swelling over the area of the pubic symphysis
mons pubis
a mucous membrane covering that lines the free surface of the uterus and is the site of embryo implantation
endometrium
contains layers of smooth muscle that contract during childbirth (also during menstruation)
myometrium
serous membrane covering the upper half of the uterus (parietal peritoneum)
perimetirum
3 major areas of the uterus
- fundus
- body
- cervix
uterine tubes enter superiorly into which region
fundus
in which region (not tissue) of the uterus does the embryo implant
body
region between the uterus and the vagina
cervix
- muscular tube 4-6” long
- separate from the urethral opening, as it lies posteriorly
vagina
finger-like projections which help guide the egg into the oviduct
fimbriae
extend laterally from the uterus and runs for about 10cm upward and laterally to where it folds over and terminates into a funnel shaped infundibulum, which surrounds the ovary
uterine/fallopian tubes
- site of ova storage
- not attached to uterine tubes directly
- eggs develop in a follicle under control of FSH and LH
- follicle erupts at ovulation and expels egg into oviduct
- follicular cells become corpus luteum
ovaries
produces varying levels of estrogen and progesterone throughout the menstural cycle
corpus luteum
parts of the sperm
- head
- midpiece
- tail
contains DNA and acrosome
head of sperm
digestive enzymes for penetrating the outer covering of the egg
acrosome
contains numerous mitochondria to provide energy for the tail
midpiece of the sperm
sperm producing; numerous tubes seen in cross sections of testicular cells
seminiferous tubules
- small clusters in between seminferous tubules
- produce testosterone
interstitial (Leydig) cells
propulsion of sperm and glandular secretions are accomplished by
rhythmic smooth muscle contraction that occurs during orgasm
- about 60% of secretions
- produces and secretes a fructose medium, which nourishes the sperm on their journey, also clotting enzymes and prostaglandins
seminal vesicle
- about 30% of secretions
- secretes a milky alkaline substance that helps to activate sperm. also fibrinolysin
prostate gland
- about 5% of secretions
- secretes a thick mucous-like alkaline substance that helps neutralize the acidity in the urethral and vaginal region so that sperm survive
bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
travels up through the spermatic cord and enters the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal
ductus deferens
parts of the urethra (in order) of the male reproductive system
prostatic urethra –> membranous urethra –> penile urethra
conjuction between the reproductive and urinary systems in males
prostate gland
seminal vesicle joins ductus deferens and becomes
common ejaculatory duct
at birth, the glans penis is covered by a double fold of skin known as … which is usually removed from circumcision shortly after birth
prepuce
corpus spongiosum expands forward and forms …, which is a highly innervated region that becomes very sensitive during sexual arousal and during intercourse
glans penis
blood vessels entering the penis are innervated by
parasympathetic nerves
during sexual arousal, these are flooded with blood and cause the penis to become erect
erectile tissue (2 corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosum)
