Chapter 20 (Lecture) Flashcards
1
Q
what parts of the lymphatic system makes it easy to collect fluid
A
loose endothelial valves
2
Q
- run alongside deeper arteries and veins
- an elaborate network of drainage vessels that collect the excess protein-containing interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
A
lymph vessels
3
Q
which lymphatic ducts empty into the subclavian veins
A
thoracic and R. lymphatic ducts
4
Q
general functions of the lymphatic system
A
- fluid balance (3L a day returned to circulation)
- fat absorption (lacteals located in villi of intestines)
- defense (immune function)
5
Q
- returns lymph from the right half of the thorax, the right half of the head and the right arm
- enters the right subclavian vein
A
right lymphatic duct
6
Q
- cisterna chyli in thorax is the beginning of this duct
- drains the legs, abdomen, left half of the thorax, left arm, and left half of the head (all but the right upper limb and right side of head and thorax)
- empties into left subclavian vn
A
thoracic duct
7
Q
- formed by the coalescence of capillaries, contain valves to facilitate “one way” movement of lymph back into general circulation
- have the same 3 layered structure as vein, but much thinner
A
lymph vessels
8
Q
- interspersed throughout tissues
- have loose endothelial conditions, so they are very permeable
- collects tissue fluid (lymph) not captured by the venous end of the capillaries (~3L a day) and returns it to venous circulation
A
lymph capillaries
9
Q
- round or bean shaped, range in size from 1-25mm in diameter
- have a fibrous outer capsule, with fibrous trabeculae dividing up the inside into compartments
- acts as a collection point for several afferent lymph vessels
- usually only one or two efferent lymph vessels will exit
A
lymph nodes
10
Q
the outer cortex of the lymph nodes are filled primarily with
A
B cell lymphocytes
11
Q
the deeper medulla of the lymph nodes contain
A
both T and B cell lymphocytes
12
Q
large clusters of lymph nodes are found close to the surface in which regions of the body
A
- cervical
- axillary
- cubital
- inguinal
13
Q
what types of cells are found in lymph nodes
A
- lymphocytes
- macrophages
- reticular cells
14
Q
- located in the extreme LUQ of the abdominal cavity
- filters, cleanses, and destroys foreign substances in the blood
- destroys worn out RBCS
- stores iron for later use in making hemoglobin
- acts as a blood reservoir and stores platelets
A
spleen
14
Q
what happens to a foreign cell when it invades a node
A
lymphocytes undergo rapid proliferation at the germinal centers to deal with them
15
Q
white pulp of the spleen is mainly
A
- lymphocytes
- where immune functions take place
15
Q
red pulp of the spleen is mainly
A
- venous sinuses and capillaries
- where worn-out blood cells and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed
- all splenic tissue that isn’t white pulp
- contains splenic cords and splenic sinuses
16
Q
- located in the superior mediastinum, inferior to thyroid
- increases in size until puberty then decrease until unnoticeable in adults
- aids in developing immune system / where T cells become immunocompetent
A
thymus
17
Q
the thymus houses what type of cells
A
T cell lymphocytes
18
Q
prevents pathogens from invading the thymus gland and prematurely stimulating T-cell lymphocytes
A
the thymus-blood barrier
19
Q
what effect will the removal of the thymus have on an infant
A
it will cause them to die because they never develop immunity
20
Q
- clear water
- interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic vessels (flows one-way to the heart)
A
lymph
21
Q
- weave between the tissue cells and blood capillaries in the loose connective tissues of the body
- absent from bones (including bone marrow) and teeth
A
lymphatic capillaries
22
Q
what happens when fluid prssure in the interstitial space is greter than the pressure in the lymphatic capillary
A
the minivalve flaps gape open, allowing fluid to enter the lymphatic capilary
23
what happens when the pressure is greater inside the lymphatic capillary
it forces the endothelial minivalve flaps shut, preventing lymph from leaking back out as the pressure moves it along the vessel
24
transports fat from the small intestine to the bloodstream
lacteals
25
fatty lymph that drains from the fingerlike villi of the intestinal mucosa
chyle
26
lymphatic trunks
* lumbar trunks
* bronchomediastinal trunks
* subclavian trunks
* jugular trunks
* intestinal trunk
27
pathway of lymph from lymphatic capillaries
1. lymphatic capillaries
2. collecting lymphatic vessels
3. lymphatic trunks
4. lymphatic ducts
28
fibroblast-like cells that produce the reticular fiber stroma, which is the network that supports the other cell types in lymphoid organs and tissues
reticular cells
29
play a crucial role in body protection and the immune response by phagocytizing foreign substances and by helping to activate T cells
macrophages
30
spiny-looking cells that capture antigens and bring them back to the lymph nodes
dendritic cells
31
daughter cells produced by B cells that secrete antibodies into the blood
plasma cells
32
the main warriers of the immune system
lymphocytes
33
how does the thymus differ from secondary lymphoid oragans
* has no follicles b/c it lacks b cells
* does not directly fight antigens (maturation site for T lymphocyte precursors)
* stroma consists of epithelial cells rather than reticular fibers
34
most thymic cells are
lymphocytes
35
* lighter-staining medullary areas that contain fewer lymphocytes that consist of concentric whorls of keratinized epithelial cells
* involved in the development of regulatory T cells (prevents autoimmune response)
thymic corpuscles
36
* a set of distributed lymphoid tissues strategically located in mucous membranes througout the body
* occurs in the mucosa of the respiratory and genitourinary organs as well as the rest of the digestive tract
* help protect us from the never-ending onlaught of pathogens that seek to enter out bodies
* tonsils, peyer's patches, and appendix
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
37
* form a ring of lymphoid tissue around the entrance to the pharynx (throat), where they appear as swellings of the mucosa
* named according to their location
tonsils
38
the exterior surface of the tonsil is covered by ..., which invaginates into the tonsilar crypts
stratified squamous epithelium
39
* located on either side at the posterior end of the oral cavity
* largest tonsils and the ones most often infected and removed
palatine tonsils
40
a collective term for the lumpy collection for a lumpy collection of lymphoid follicles at the base of the tongue
lingual tonsil
41
the posterior wall of the nasopharynx; referred to as the adenoid
pharyngeal tonsil
42
surround the term openings of the auditory lobes into the pharynx
tubal tonsils
43
* clusters of lymphoid follicles, structurally similar to the tonsils
* located in the wall of the distal portion of the smal intestine
Peyer's patches / aggregated lymphoid nodules
44
* a tubular offshoot of of the first part of the large intestine and contains a high concentration of lymphoid follicles
* in an ideal position to prevent bacteria (present in large numbers in the intestines from breaching the intestinal wall and to generate many "memory" lymphocytes for long term immunity
appendix
45
* largest lymphoid organ
* site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance, cleanses and reuses blood and blood cells
* stores platelets and monocytes
spleen
46
regions of reticular connective tissue, that separate the blood-filled splenic sinusoids
splenic cords
47
arrangement of lymphatic vessels
a one-way system of vessels beginning with blind-ended lymphatic capillaries
48
tumors that block the lymphatics or lymphatics are removed during cancer surgery may result in what condition
lymphedema
49
which vessel transports fluid back into the blood that leaks from the vascular system
lymphatics
50
which part of the lymphatic system is most closely associated with capillary beds
lymphatic capillaries
51
what is the lymphatic system's role in relation to the cardiovascular system
it maintains blood volume and hence, pressure
52
function of lymphatic collecting vessels
collect lymph fluid draining from lymphatic capillaries
53
lymphatic organ that cleanses the lymph
lymph node
54
drains the lymph from the entire left side of the body and also the right abdomen and leg
thoracic duct
55
red lines under the skin that are sensitive to touch
lymphangitis
56
* has same 3 tunics as veins
* second smallest lymph vessels
* helps maintain blood pressure
lymphatic collecting vessels
57
smallest lymphatic vessel that collects excess tissue fluid
lymphatic capillary
58
functions of lymphatic vessels
* return of leaked proteins to blood
* transportation of absorbed fat from the intestines to blood
* return of tissue fluid to bloodstream
59
* a type of loose collective tissue called reticular CT
* dominates all lymphoid organs except thymus
lymphoid tissue
60
largest vessels; carry lymph fluid to subclavian veins
lymphatic ducts
61
what is the function of the endothelial minivalves in lymphatic capillaries
increases permeability
62
once collected, lymph is ultimately transported into
venous circulation
63
what is the origin of lymph fluid
lymph is excess tissue fluid formed from plasma that has leaked from capillaries
64
lymph traveling from the left arm would enter the venous circulation via the
thoracic duct
65
lymph vessels transport
* excess tissue fluid
* lymphocytes
* leaked plasma proteins
* dietary fats
66
lymph flows from lymphatic ducts directly into which of the following
veins
67
which lymphoid cells produce antibodies
plasma cells
68
# true or false:
lymph arrives at the lymph nodes via afferent lymphatic vessels
true
69
# true or false:
there are more efferent lymphatic vessels leaving a lymph node than there are afferent vessels entering a lymph node
false
70
which vessel serves as the source of the spleen's blood supply from the aorta
celiac trunk
## Footnote
the splenic artery brunches from the celiac trunk
71
functions of the spleen
* remove and recycle old erythrocytes and platelets
* store iron from hemoglobin
* house B and T lymphocytes
72
which anatomical areas is/are protected by the tubal tonsils
the passage from the pharynx to the middle ear
## Footnote
The tubal tonsils surround the passages (auditory tubes) from the pharynx to the middle ear. They are used to equalize pressure behind the tympanic membrane.
73
referred to as the adenoids if enlarged
pharyngeal tonsils
74
lymph leaves a lymph node via
efferent lymph vessels
75
lymphatic vessels are ... permeable than blood capillaries
lymphatic capillaries
75
fats absorbed from the small intestine are transported to the bloodstream via
lacteals
75
which vessel delivers lymph into the junction of the internal jugular vein and the subclavian
thoracic duct
76
3 large clusters of superficial lymph nodes
* cervical
* inguinal
* axillary
## Footnote
places where the collecting lymphatic vessels coverge to form trunks
77
remove and destroy microorganisms and other debris that enter the lymph from the loose connective tissues, preventing them from being delivered to the blood and spreading to other parts of the body
macrophages
78
functions of lymph nodes
* cleansing the lymph
* immune system activation
79
many antigens are brought to lymph nodes from their point of entry into the body by .... cells, which use these antigens to activate T cells in the lymph node
dendritic cells
80
surrounds each node with a dense fibrous capsule and extend inward to divide the node into a number of compartments
trabeculae
81
internal framework of a lymph node that consists of reticular fibers that physically supports its ever-changing population of lymphocytes
stroma (of lymph node)
82
* cointains densely packed follicles, many with germinal centers heavy w/ dividing B cells
* deeper part primarily houses T cells in transit, which circulate continuously between the blood, lymph nodes, and lymph
* dendritic cells abundant
cortex of the lymph node
83
* consists of medullary cords, thin inward extensions from the cortical lymphoid tissue
* B and T lymphocytes found here
medulla of the lymph node
84
steps to lymph node circulation
1. enters the convex side of a lymph node through a number of afferent lymphatic vessels
2. moves through subscapular sinus, into a number of smaller sinuses that cut through the corex and enter the medulla (and meanders thru medullary sinuses)
3. finally exits node at its hilum via efferent lymphatic vessels
85
cisterna chyli
* located in the region between the last thoracic and second lumbar vertebrae
* thoracic duct begins here
86
* where B and T cells mature
* red bone marrow and thymus
primary lymphoid organs
87
where do B and T cells originate
red bone marrow
88
where do B cells mature
red bone marrow
89
where do T cells mature
thymus
90
* where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigens and are activated
* include lymph nodes, spleen, and collections of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) that form the tonsils, Peyer's patches, and appendix
secondary lymphoid organs
91
dominates all of the lymphoid organs except the thymus
reticular connective tissue
92
* a loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and some reticular fibers
* found in virtually every body organ
* larger cllections appear in lamina propria of mucous membranes
diffuse lymphoid tissue
93
* solid spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
* lighter staining germinal centers where proliferating B cells dominate
* follicles form part of larger lymphoid organs (lymph nodes), isolated aggregations occur intestinal wall as Peyer's patches and appendix
lymphoid follicles (lymphoid nodules)
94
* inflammation of the tonsils, typically due to bacterial infection
* tonsils become red, swollen, and sore
tonsilitis
95
* enlargement of the spleen
* may be due to accumulaion of infectious microorganisms typically caused by septicemia, mononucleosis, malaria, or leukemia
splenomegaly
96
* first node that receives lymph drainage from a body area suspected of being cancerous
* gives best indication of whether metastasis throughout the lymphatic vessls has occurred
sentinel node
97
* typically a tropical disease in which the lymphatics (particularly those of the lower limbs and scrotum become clogged with parasitic roundworms (filariasis)
* swelling reaches enormous proportions
elephantiasis
98
* a malignancy of lymphoid tissue
* swollen, nonpainful lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, night sweats
* giant malignantly transformed B cells (Reed-Sternberg cells)
hodgkin's lymphoma
99
any disease of the lymph nodes
lymphadenopathy
100
diagnostic procedure in which the lymphatic vessels are injected with radiopaque dye and then visualized with X rays
lymphangiography
101
any neoplasm of the lymphoid tumor, whether benign or malignant
lymphoma
102
* all cancers of lymphoid tissues
* involves uncontrolled multiplication and metastasis of undifferentiated lymphocytes, with swelling of the lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer's patchs
* rapidly progressing, typically affects young people
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
