Lab Quiz 8: Digestive System Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
composed of a hollow tube that runs from the mouth to the anus and is technically “outside” the body
A
digestive tract (ailmentary canal)
2
Q
organs that are part of the digestive tract
A
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
3
Q
secrete digestive products into the canal
A
accessory organs
4
Q
accessory organs of the digestive system
A
- pancreas
- liver
- gallbladder
- salivary glands
5
Q
functions:
* secretion of mucous and enzymes
* absorption, protection (bacteria, enzymes)
A
mucosa
6
Q
made up of connective tissue, contains the parasympathetic submucosal plexus
A
submucosa
7
Q
smooth muscle, inner layer = circular, outer layer = longitudinal; contains myenteric plexus
A
muscularis
8
Q
what types of fibers does the muscularis contain
A
parasympathetic fibers
9
Q
functions to reduce friction and helps anchor organs in place
A
serosa (visceral peritoneum)
10
Q
types of digestion
A
mechanical and chemical
11
Q
functions of the digestive system
A
- ingestion (followed by propulsion)
- digestion (mechanical and chemical)
- absorption
- defecation
12
Q
blood supply for the alimentary canal would come from
A
- celiac trunk (gastric, hepatic, splenic a.)
- superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
arise from abdominal aorta
13
Q
the alimentary canal begins where
A
oral cavity
14
Q
which bones form the hard palate
A
- palatine bone
- palatine process of maxilla
15
Q
what is meant by the 2123 dental formula
A
- 2 incisors
- one canine
- 2 premolars
- three molars
in each quadrant
16
Q
which cranial nerve controls the tongue
A
hypoglossal (CN XII)
17
Q
the swallowing reflex is initiated in which region of the body
A
pharynx
18
Q
common passageway for food and air
A
pharynx
19
Q
entrance into stomach from esophagus
A
gastroesophageal junction
20
Q
- about 10in long
- lies posterior to trachea against spine
A
esophagus
21
Q
the superior esophagus is made up of what type of muscle
A
skeletal
22
Q
the inferior esophagus is made up of what type of muscle
A
smooth
23
Q
the esophagus is lined with what type of epithelia
A
stratified squamous
24
Q
most of the organs of the abdominal cavity are covered with a serous membrane called
A
the peritoneum
25
blockage of any pancreatic structures and can lead to the digestion of pancreas by its own enzymes
pancreatitis
26
opening into the small intestine from the pancreas
major duodenal papilla
27
* lies posterior to stomach in the retroperitoneal space with its head projecting near the duodenum
* produces many important enzymes that are used in the small intestine
pancreas
28
pathway for pancreatic enzymes, joins the common bile duct as the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)
pancreatic duct
29
a sphincter that leads from the ampulla of Vater and allows digestive products into the small intestine
hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi)
30
salivary glands
* parotid
* submandibular
* sublingual
31
what are the perfect conditions for gallstones
* fair
* fat
* forty
* female
* fertile
## Footnote
5 Fs
32
pathway of the release of bile
1. cystic duct
2. hepatic duct (liver)
3. common bile duct
33
* hangs from the inferior surface of the liver
* stores and concentrates bile
gallbladder
34
emulsifies fat
bile
35
attaches liver to diaphragm
falciform ligament
36
anterior to ear, empties above second molar
parotid gland
37
inside arch of the mandible, empties under the tongue
submandibular gland
38
* under the tongue, empties under the tongue
* secretes mucin and salivary amylase which begins the digestion of starches
sublingual gland
39
lobes of the liver (4)
right, left, caudate, quadrate
40
# true or false
you can live without a lobe of your liver
true
41
the liver receives blood from digestive organs via
the hepatic portal vein
42
blood to the liver is supplied from
the celiac trunk (hepatic a.)
43
muscularis layer reduced to 3 longitudeinal bands in the Large Intestine
teniae coli
44
small pocket-like sacs created when teniae coli contract (folds)
haustra
45
functions of the large intestine
* consolidate and move unusable fecal material out of the body
* site of vitamin B and K manufacture by bacteria
* reclaims most water and some electrolytes from undigested food
46
pathway of the external large intestine
1. cecum
2. ascending colon
3. hepatic flexure
4. transverse colon
5. splenic fissure
6. descending colon
7. sigmoid colon
8. rectum
9. anus
47
fats are absorbed into specialized lymphatic structures here
lacteals
48
* lies in LUQ
* J-shaped with 4 major regions: cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
stomach
49
mucosa of the stomach is composed of what type of epithelia
simple columnar epithelia
50
2 valves of the stomach
cardiac sphincter (LES) and pyloric sphincter
51
attachment of omenta is where on the stomach
greater and lesser curvatures
52
inreases surface area, contains gastric pits
rugae of the stomach
53
which layer of the stomach has an added oblique layer to add to the churning action of teh stomach
muscularis
54
parts of the duodenum
* hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter
* major duodenal papilla
55
responsible for digestion and absorption; first 12" of the small intestine
duodenum
56
responsible for digestion and absorption; middle 6' of the small intestine
jejunum
57
responsible for compaction and absorption; last part of the small intestine
ileum
58
located between the ileum (SI) and cecum (LI)
ileocecal valve
59
functions of the pilcae circularis, villi, microvilli in SI
increase surface area
60
hydrolytic enzymes bound to microvilli and used in digestion
brush border of the SI
61
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are broken down to their component molecules and absorbed through where
Villi of SI
62
* the upper esophageal sphincter is contracted (closed)
* the tongue presses hard against the hard palate, forcing the food bolus into the oropharynx
buccal phase of movement of food into the stomach
63
* the tongue blocks the mouth
* the soft palate and its uvula rise, closing off the nasopharynx
* the larynx rises so that the epiglottis blocks the trachea
* the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes; food enters the esophagus
* constrictor muscles of the pharynx contract, forcing food into esophagus inferiorly
* upper esophageal sphincter contracts after food enters
pharyngeal-esophageal phase of movement of food to the stomach
64
moves food through the esophagus to the stomach
peristalsis
65
final stage of food moving to the stomach
gastroesophageal sphincter surrounding the cardial orifice opens; after food enters the stomach, the sphincter closes, preventing regurgitation
66
secretions from the stomach
* mucus
* hydrochloric acid (HCl)
* pepsinogen
* gastrin
67
secrete gastrin
enteroendocrine cells
68
important for hunger response and stomach motility
gastrin
69
secrete pepsinogen
chief cells
70
important for protein digestion
chief cells
71
secrete HCl
parietal cells
72
important for protein digestion, and intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 absorption
parietal cells
73
secretes mucus
mucous cells
74
coats and protects the stomach lining
mucus
75
which cranial nerves carry taste information
CN VII, CN IX, CN X
## Footnote
facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus respectively
76
are salivary glands sympathetic or parasympathetically controlled?
parasympathetically
77
sum of all biological reactions happening in the body
metabolism
78
types of metabolism
* catabolism
* anabolism
78
reactions that break larger molecules down into smaller parts; releases energy
catabolism
78
are molecules that:
* are not changed or destroyed in a chemical rxn
* lower energy needed to break bonds of reactants (activation energy)
* speed up the rate of a reaction
catalysts
79
reactions used to build larger molecules from smaller precursors; uses energy
anabolism
80
* accomplished by enzymes that act as catalysts
* breaking of chemical bonds using water, which hold the molecules of food together (chemical digestion)
hydrolysis
81
most common forms of lipid in the body
triglycerides
## Footnote
other forms include cholesterol, phospholipids, and steroids
82
which enzyme is present in the small intestine and what does it digest
pancreatic proteases: digest peptides into amino acids (located in duodenum)
brush border proteases: digests tri-, di- peptides into amino acids (located in brush border)
83
* nonpolar
* glycerol + fatty acids
* storage molecules that yield 2x as much energy as other macromolecules when catabolized
lipids
84
bile digests what molecule and where
lipids into glycerol and fatty acids and some monoglycerides; located in duodenum of small intestine
85
pancreatic lipases digest what where
emulsified lipids into glycerol and fatty acids and some monoglycerides in the duodenum of the small intestine
86
what is meant by specificity when referring to enzymes
enzymes have a specific 3D shape that is designed to fit molecules involved in only one type of reaction
87
what is meant by efficiency when referring to enzymes
most cellular reactions proceed at a rate 1.0 x 10^6 times faster with enzymes
88
factors that determine enzyme efficiency
* temperature
* pH
* concentration
* specificity
89
what is meant by concentration when referring to enzymes
higher [enzyme] = increased rxn rate
90
what happens if the environment an enzyme is in is too acidic or basic
enzyme denatures
91
what happens when an enzyme's environment is too hot
enzyme denatures
92
what happens when an enzyme's environment is too cold
enzyme is inhibited
93
plant-derived polysaccharides
starches, cellulose
94
animal derived polysaccharides
glycogen
95
polysaccharides are digested where using what enzyme
* where: oral cavity
* enzyme: salivary amylase
96
tri/disaccharides are digested where using what enzyme
where: duodenum of small intestine
enzyme: pancreatic amylase
97
sucrose, maltose, lactose are digested where and with what enzyme
* where: brush border of the small intestine
* enzyme: brush border amylase
