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540 (cow class) > Upper GIT > Flashcards

Upper GIT Flashcards

1
Q

what are the general hx/observed signs of oral and upper GI disorders?

A

variable anorexia
painful/slow mastication
excessive salivation
dysphagia (choke)
discharges/fetid
swellings

secondary - reduced milk yield, reduced rate of gain

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2
Q

what do you need for an oral exam of a cow?

A

gloves!
speculum
flashlight

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3
Q

what are the generic ddx’s for oral/upper GIT dz C/S?

A

incisor damage/eruption
foreign body
trauma

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4
Q

What does SLUD mean?

A

salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation = severe toxicity

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5
Q

you have a cow with hyper salivation, inability to swallow, and NO VISIBLE LESIONS. what is your ddx?

A

rabies!!!!!!
tetanus (more common in sheep tho)
organophosphate tox

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6
Q

what is the etiologic agent of bovine papular stomatitis? (general)

A

parapoxvirus

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7
Q

is bovine papular stomatitis zoonotic?

A

YES
WEAR GLOVES

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8
Q

most cattle infected with bovine papular stomatitis are… what?

A

asymptomatic

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9
Q

what are the C/S of bovine papular stomatitis?

A

proliferative, raised papules on the muzzle and hard palate

NOT FEET!

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10
Q

what are the ddx’s for C/S caused by bovine papular stomatitis?

A

F&M, BVDV, vesicular stomatitis

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11
Q

what is the typical age of cows with bovine papular stomatitis?

A

young

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12
Q

what is the tx for bovine papular stomatitis?

A

self-limiting - give them time, let it run it’s course

if oral & anorexia = soft food (short stem roughage)

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13
Q

____ grass often causes traumatic injury to cow mouths. you tx this with …?

A

foxtail
oral bolus/magnet admin

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14
Q

what is the etiology of lumpy jaw?

A

Actinomyces bovis

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15
Q

describe the pathogenesis of lumpy jaw.

A
  1. oral cavity commensal bac t
  2. trauma = break in mucosa
  3. bac t gets into tissues + bones (mandible, maxilla)
  4. localized pyogranulomatous response
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16
Q

what are the gross lesions of lumpy jaw?

A

granulomatous abscessation
osteomyelitis

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17
Q

is lumpy jaw likely to spread to regional LNs?

A

nope

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18
Q

what are the C/S of lumpy jaw?

A

hard, immoveable bony mass (on horizontal ramus of mandible)

may break through skin = discharge = sticky honey-like fluid w/ tiny granules = sulfur granules

pain (none early, some as progresses)

misaligned teeth, difficult mastication, loss of body condition

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19
Q

lumpy jaw is also called…?

A

Actinomycosis

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20
Q

what are the ddx’s for lumpy jaw? and how do you rule them out?

A

actinobacillosis – not attached to bone

external abscess or foreign body – moveable, soft

these ones are less likely:
- osteomyelitis from other organisms, tooth root abscess, fracture, tumor

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21
Q

how do you dx lumpy jaw?

A

C/S, location of lesion, history

rarely needed and difficult:
- smear exudate, culture, sampling bony lesions

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22
Q

what is the prognosis of lumpy jaw?

A

depends on chronicity and extent of lesion
- if moderate to good, just want to stop progress
- if poor, then resolve

if enlarges, despite tx, check for fx or sequestrum

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23
Q

what is the tx for lumpy jaw?

A

Na iodine 20% IV (repeat @ 7-10 day intervals)

concurrent LA oxytetracycline or penicillin

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24
Q

when should you not use Na iodine 20% IV to tx lumpy jaw?

A

late pregnancy

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25
Q

what are the risks of using Na iodine 20% IV to tx lumpy jaw? what should you do if this occurs?

A

iodinism

hair loss, lacrimation, cough, inappetence, diarrhea

discontinue or extend tx interval

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26
Q

what is the withdrawal period for Na iodine 20% IV for treatment of lumpy jaw? meat and milk

A

meat: 0 days
milk: 96 hours

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27
Q

if you have lumpy jaw with these extra conditions, what are the txs?
1. if fistulous tracts
2. if tooth roots affected

A
  1. debride/curette, flush w/ PV iodine or organic iodine
  2. remove tooth
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28
Q

how do you control/prevent lumpy jaw?

A

reduce risk of mucosal trauma (sharp feed items, foreign items in feed)

if outbreak, check forage, pasture quality

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29
Q

what is another name for wooden tongue?

A

Actinobacillosis

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30
Q

what is the etiologic agent of wooden tongue?

A

Actinobacillosis lignieresii

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31
Q

what is the pathogenesis of wooden tongue?

A

a mucosal break allows commensal bac t to get into the tissue –> fibrous connective tissue proliferates and numerous small abscesses form (odourless pus) –> hard masses in tongue (whole tongue ± hard) granulomatous abscesses

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32
Q

what type of tissue does wooden tongue affect?

A

soft tissue only

33
Q

can wooden tongue spread to regional lymph nodes?

A

yup

34
Q

what are the clinical signs of glossal actinobacillosis?

A

swollen hard tongue (especially at base)

variable dysphagia/anorexia, salivation

difficult prehension (tongue)

35
Q

glossal actinobacillosis (wooden tongue) exists. what are 2 other, less common, forms of actinobacillosis?

A

cutaneous and lymphadenitis

36
Q

what are the ddx for these wooden tongue symptoms?
1. lump
2. cannot swallow

A
  1. actinomycosis, foreign body, cutaneous lymphosarcoma
  2. rabies, choke
37
Q

how do you dx wooden tongue?

A

just by C/S / looking at cow

you can also smear exudate/crush granules or do an incisional biopsy, but these are rare

38
Q

how do you tx wooden tongue?

A

Na iodide (20%), 70mg/kg, repeat x2 @10 d intervals

AND

Antimicrobials: LA oxytetracycline

39
Q

what is the prognosis of wooden tongue?

A

good, if caught early

40
Q

how do you prevent wooden tongue?

A

reduce risk of mucosal trauma (sharp feed items, foreign items in feed)

if outbreak, check forage, pasture quality

(same as for lumpy jaw)

41
Q

compare lumpy jaw (LJ) and wooden tongue (WT):
1. firm immovable mass?
2. good response to therapy?
3. dz initiated by trauma to oral mucosa?
4. culling the animal ASAP is a “good idea”?

A
  1. LJ
  2. both
  3. both
  4. LJ if jaw is deviated
42
Q

what is the other name for necrotic stomatitis?

A

oral necrobacillosis

43
Q

what is the etiology of necrotic stomatitis?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

44
Q

necrotic stomatitis is caused by _______ and by _____ bacteria.

A

mucosal injury
opportunistic

45
Q

what are the C/S of necrotic stomatitis?

A

moderate fever, depressed, anorexic

foul breath, ropey saliva

deep buccal ulcer (feed. associated)

46
Q

how do you manage necrotic stomatitis?

A

parenteral antibiotics if caught early (sulfas, penicillins — good response in a few days)

avoid rough feed (less long stem roughage)

47
Q

pharyngeal disorders are most often associated with…?

A

trauma, occasionally foreign body

bolus/balling gun, esophageal/stomach tube

48
Q

pharyngeal disorders can have the same signs as oral disorders, ± what other signs?

A

swelling of pharyngeal area, coughing, head & neck extension

49
Q

what are the ddx for pharyngeal disorders?

A

lymphosarcoma, abscesses, rabies

50
Q

how do you treat pharyngeal disorders?

A

broad spectrum antibiotics for 1-2 weeks

51
Q

what is the etiology of pharyngeal phlegmon?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

52
Q

cows with pharyngeal phlegmon can develop ….?

A

fatal cellulitis

53
Q

what are the C/S of pharyngeal phlegmon?

A

sudden onset severe toxemia (SLUD)
- 41.5C, HR>100, profound depress.

ST swelling w/I & caudal to mandible
- extend down neck to brisket
± dyspnea

54
Q

what is the tx for pharyngeal phlegmon?

A

if untreated = die

TMS, oxytetracycline (not LA formation), IV or IM 5 days

55
Q

what is the prognosis for pharyngeal phlegmon?

A

guarded to fair

56
Q

True or false: esophageal obstruction is common.

A

false. it is not common

57
Q

esophageal obstruction is more likely to happen with what type of eaters?

A

indiscriminate eaters

58
Q

what locations are most common to have an esophageal obstruction?

A

pharyngeal-esophageal junction
thoracic inlet
base of heart, immediately cranial to cardia

59
Q

what are the signs of a mild choke case, or the initial signs of choke?

A

retching/excessive swallowing attempts
neck extended, head down

60
Q

what are the signs of a complete esophageal obstruction?

A

tympany
resp distress emerg
sudden 100% anorexia
extended neck, attempts to regurgitate, excess salivation

61
Q

true or false: some esophageal obstructions pass spontaneously

A

true

62
Q

what are the consequences of esophageal obstructions?

A

ruminants must eructate as part of normal digestive process, so no eructation —> bloat –> increases intra-thoracic pressure –> cannot breath –> fatal

63
Q

esophageal obstruction etiologies can be intra-luminal or extra-luminal. what are some intra-luminal causes?

A

ingest hard, too-large material (apple, beets)

forage eaten too fast, frozen

64
Q

esophageal obstruction etiologies can be intra-luminal or extra-luminal. what are some extra-luminal causes?

A

very enlarged mediastinal LNs (BLV, leukosis)
cervical abscessation
thymoma (goats)

65
Q

how do you dx esophageal obstructions?

A

Hx
oral cavity inspection to eliminate stomatitis
internal palpation of esophagus
external palpation of esophagus and neck

66
Q

if a cow with esophageal obstruction has a negative external palpation, what do you do?

A

there’s a possible intrathoracic mass
- gently probe w/ tube
- too firm –> risk of rupture/lacerate esophagus

67
Q

if a cow with esophageal obstruction is bloated, what do you do?

A

pass stomach tube

if tube goes into rumen, gas may come out, may dislodge obstruction

if not effective: tracer, sx fistula

68
Q

how do you tx esophageal obstruction (non-specific tx?)

A

stomach tube
sedation (reduce anxiety)
- gentle push using lube or water
- may need temp. rumen fistula

off feed 24h, water ok

last resort: open esophagus

69
Q

if you have a cow with esophageal obstruction, can you use a halter?

A

nope. must use good restraint

70
Q

what do oral lesions look like in a BVDV case? how can you distinguish it from other oral disorders?

A

ulcerations in mouth
there would be other lesions elsewhere and systemic signs

71
Q

what is the etiology of BVDV?

A

bovine viral diarrhea virus
a pestivirus

72
Q

what oral lesions does malignant catarrhal fever have? how do you distinguish from other oral disorders?

A

ulcerations around gums, especially near teeth

there would be other lesions elsewhere, and systemic signs

73
Q

what is the etiology of malignant catarrhal fever? specifically in goats/sheep worldwide?

A

gamma herpesvirus
OHV-2

74
Q

what is the etiology of epizootic hemorrhagic disease? how is it transmitted?

A

orbivirus
midges/biting flies

75
Q

who is primarily at risk for epizootic hemorrhagic disease?

A

white-tailed deer, usually die/dead

76
Q

what is the typical hx with epizootic hemorrhagic disease?

A

episodic outbreaks in BC, AB, SK

77
Q

what general lesions would a cow with epizootic hemorrhagic dz have?

A

mouth and feet lesions
blue-tongue like disease

78
Q

tell me the distinctive lesions of:
1. bovine papular stomatitis
2. wooden tongue
3. lumpy jaw
4. necrotic stomatitis
5. pharyngeal phlegmon

A
  1. proliferative raised papules on hard palate and muzzle ONLY
  2. hard swollen tongue, odourless pus
  3. hard immoveable bony mass on horizontal ramus of mandible, sticky honey-like fluid w/ sulfur granules
  4. fever, foul breath, deep buccal ulcer, ropey saliva
  5. severe toxemia, ST swelling within and caudal to mandible

540 (cow class) (32 decks)

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