Upper GIT Flashcards by Madeleine Gauthier

what are the general hx/observed signs of oral and upper GI disorders?

variable anorexia
painful/slow mastication
excessive salivation
dysphagia (choke)
discharges/fetid
swellings

secondary - reduced milk yield, reduced rate of gain

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what do you need for an oral exam of a cow?

gloves!
speculum
flashlight

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what are the generic ddx’s for oral/upper GIT dz C/S?

incisor damage/eruption
foreign body
trauma

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What does SLUD mean?

salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation = severe toxicity

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you have a cow with hyper salivation, inability to swallow, and NO VISIBLE LESIONS. what is your ddx?

rabies!!!!!!
tetanus (more common in sheep tho)
organophosphate tox

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what is the etiologic agent of bovine papular stomatitis? (general)

parapoxvirus

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is bovine papular stomatitis zoonotic?

YES
WEAR GLOVES

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most cattle infected with bovine papular stomatitis are… what?

asymptomatic

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what are the C/S of bovine papular stomatitis?

proliferative, raised papules on the muzzle and hard palate

NOT FEET!

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what are the ddx’s for C/S caused by bovine papular stomatitis?

F&M, BVDV, vesicular stomatitis

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what is the typical age of cows with bovine papular stomatitis?

young

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what is the tx for bovine papular stomatitis?

self-limiting - give them time, let it run it’s course

if oral & anorexia = soft food (short stem roughage)

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____ grass often causes traumatic injury to cow mouths. you tx this with …?

foxtail
oral bolus/magnet admin

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what is the etiology of lumpy jaw?

Actinomyces bovis

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describe the pathogenesis of lumpy jaw.

oral cavity commensal bac t
trauma = break in mucosa
bac t gets into tissues + bones (mandible, maxilla)
localized pyogranulomatous response

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what are the gross lesions of lumpy jaw?

granulomatous abscessation
osteomyelitis

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is lumpy jaw likely to spread to regional LNs?

nope

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what are the C/S of lumpy jaw?

hard, immoveable bony mass (on horizontal ramus of mandible)

may break through skin = discharge = sticky honey-like fluid w/ tiny granules = sulfur granules

pain (none early, some as progresses)

misaligned teeth, difficult mastication, loss of body condition

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lumpy jaw is also called…?

Actinomycosis

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what are the ddx’s for lumpy jaw? and how do you rule them out?

actinobacillosis – not attached to bone

external abscess or foreign body – moveable, soft

these ones are less likely:
- osteomyelitis from other organisms, tooth root abscess, fracture, tumor

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how do you dx lumpy jaw?

C/S, location of lesion, history

rarely needed and difficult:
- smear exudate, culture, sampling bony lesions

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what is the prognosis of lumpy jaw?

depends on chronicity and extent of lesion
- if moderate to good, just want to stop progress
- if poor, then resolve

if enlarges, despite tx, check for fx or sequestrum

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what is the tx for lumpy jaw?

Na iodine 20% IV (repeat @ 7-10 day intervals)

concurrent LA oxytetracycline or penicillin

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when should you not use Na iodine 20% IV to tx lumpy jaw?

late pregnancy

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what are the risks of using Na iodine 20% IV to tx lumpy jaw? what should you do if this occurs?

iodinism hair loss, lacrimation, cough, inappetence, diarrhea discontinue or extend tx interval

what is the withdrawal period for Na iodine 20% IV for treatment of lumpy jaw? meat and milk

meat: 0 days milk: 96 hours

if you have lumpy jaw with these extra conditions, what are the txs? 1. if fistulous tracts 2. if tooth roots affected

1. debride/curette, flush w/ PV iodine or organic iodine 2. remove tooth

how do you control/prevent lumpy jaw?

reduce risk of mucosal trauma (sharp feed items, foreign items in feed) if outbreak, check forage, pasture quality

what is another name for wooden tongue?

Actinobacillosis

what is the etiologic agent of wooden tongue?

*Actinobacillosis lignieresii*

what is the pathogenesis of wooden tongue?

a mucosal break allows commensal bac t to get into the tissue --> fibrous connective tissue proliferates and numerous small abscesses form (odourless pus) --> hard masses in tongue (whole tongue ± hard) granulomatous abscesses

what type of tissue does wooden tongue affect?

soft tissue only

can wooden tongue spread to regional lymph nodes?

yup

what are the clinical signs of glossal actinobacillosis?

swollen hard tongue (especially at base) variable dysphagia/anorexia, salivation difficult prehension (tongue)

glossal actinobacillosis (wooden tongue) exists. what are 2 other, less common, forms of actinobacillosis?

cutaneous and lymphadenitis

what are the ddx for these wooden tongue symptoms? 1. lump 2. cannot swallow

1. actinomycosis, foreign body, cutaneous lymphosarcoma 2. rabies, choke

how do you dx wooden tongue?

just by C/S / looking at cow you can also smear exudate/crush granules or do an incisional biopsy, but these are rare

how do you tx wooden tongue?

Na iodide (20%), 70mg/kg, repeat x2 @10 d intervals AND Antimicrobials: LA oxytetracycline

what is the prognosis of wooden tongue?

good, if caught early

how do you prevent wooden tongue?

reduce risk of mucosal trauma (sharp feed items, foreign items in feed) if outbreak, check forage, pasture quality (same as for lumpy jaw)

compare lumpy jaw (LJ) and wooden tongue (WT): 1. firm immovable mass? 2. good response to therapy? 3. dz initiated by trauma to oral mucosa? 4. culling the animal ASAP is a "good idea"?

1. LJ 2. both 3. both 4. LJ if jaw is deviated

what is the other name for necrotic stomatitis?

oral necrobacillosis

what is the etiology of necrotic stomatitis?

*Fusobacterium necrophorum*

necrotic stomatitis is caused by _______ and by _____ bacteria.

mucosal injury opportunistic

what are the C/S of necrotic stomatitis?

moderate fever, depressed, anorexic foul breath, ropey saliva deep buccal ulcer (feed. associated)

how do you manage necrotic stomatitis?

parenteral antibiotics if caught early (sulfas, penicillins --- good response in a few days) avoid rough feed (less long stem roughage)

pharyngeal disorders are most often associated with...?

trauma, occasionally foreign body bolus/balling gun, esophageal/stomach tube

pharyngeal disorders can have the same signs as oral disorders, ± what other signs?

swelling of pharyngeal area, coughing, head & neck extension

what are the ddx for pharyngeal disorders?

lymphosarcoma, abscesses, rabies

how do you treat pharyngeal disorders?

broad spectrum antibiotics for 1-2 weeks

what is the etiology of pharyngeal phlegmon?

*Fusobacterium necrophorum*

cows with pharyngeal phlegmon can develop ....?

fatal cellulitis

what are the C/S of pharyngeal phlegmon?

sudden onset severe toxemia (SLUD) - 41.5C, HR>100, profound depress. ST swelling w/I & caudal to mandible - extend down neck to brisket ± dyspnea

what is the tx for pharyngeal phlegmon?

if untreated = die TMS, oxytetracycline (not LA formation), IV or IM 5 days

what is the prognosis for pharyngeal phlegmon?

guarded to fair

True or false: esophageal obstruction is common.

false. it is not common

esophageal obstruction is more likely to happen with what type of eaters?

indiscriminate eaters

what locations are most common to have an esophageal obstruction?

pharyngeal-esophageal junction thoracic inlet base of heart, immediately cranial to cardia

what are the signs of a mild choke case, or the initial signs of choke?

retching/excessive swallowing attempts neck extended, head down

what are the signs of a complete esophageal obstruction?

tympany resp distress emerg sudden 100% anorexia extended neck, attempts to regurgitate, excess salivation

true or false: some esophageal obstructions pass spontaneously

true

what are the consequences of esophageal obstructions?

ruminants must eructate as part of normal digestive process, so no eructation ---> bloat --> increases intra-thoracic pressure --> cannot breath --> fatal

esophageal obstruction etiologies can be intra-luminal or extra-luminal. what are some intra-luminal causes?

ingest hard, too-large material (apple, beets) forage eaten too fast, frozen

esophageal obstruction etiologies can be intra-luminal or extra-luminal. what are some extra-luminal causes?

very enlarged mediastinal LNs (BLV, leukosis) cervical abscessation thymoma (goats)

how do you dx esophageal obstructions?

Hx oral cavity inspection to eliminate stomatitis internal palpation of esophagus external palpation of esophagus and neck

if a cow with esophageal obstruction has a negative external palpation, what do you do?

there's a possible intrathoracic mass - gently probe w/ tube - too firm --> risk of rupture/lacerate esophagus

if a cow with esophageal obstruction is bloated, what do you do?

pass stomach tube if tube goes into rumen, gas may come out, may dislodge obstruction if not effective: tracer, sx fistula

how do you tx esophageal obstruction (non-specific tx?)

stomach tube sedation (reduce anxiety) - gentle push using lube or water - may need temp. rumen fistula off feed 24h, water ok last resort: open esophagus

if you have a cow with esophageal obstruction, can you use a halter?

nope. must use good restraint

what do oral lesions look like in a BVDV case? how can you distinguish it from other oral disorders?

ulcerations in mouth there would be other lesions elsewhere and systemic signs

what is the etiology of BVDV?

bovine viral diarrhea virus a pestivirus

what oral lesions does malignant catarrhal fever have? how do you distinguish from other oral disorders?

ulcerations around gums, especially near teeth there would be other lesions elsewhere, and systemic signs

what is the etiology of malignant catarrhal fever? specifically in goats/sheep worldwide?

gamma herpesvirus OHV-2

what is the etiology of epizootic hemorrhagic disease? how is it transmitted?

orbivirus midges/biting flies

who is primarily at risk for epizootic hemorrhagic disease?

white-tailed deer, usually die/dead

what is the typical hx with epizootic hemorrhagic disease?

episodic outbreaks in BC, AB, SK

what general lesions would a cow with epizootic hemorrhagic dz have?

mouth and feet lesions blue-tongue like disease

tell me the distinctive lesions of: 1. bovine papular stomatitis 2. wooden tongue 3. lumpy jaw 4. necrotic stomatitis 5. pharyngeal phlegmon

1. proliferative raised papules on hard palate and muzzle ONLY 2. hard swollen tongue, odourless pus 3. hard immoveable bony mass on horizontal ramus of mandible, sticky honey-like fluid w/ sulfur granules 4. fever, foul breath, deep buccal ulcer, ropey saliva 5. severe toxemia, ST swelling within and caudal to mandible