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540 (cow class) > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

tell me the major C/S associated with CV disease in cattle

A
  • abnormal jug veins
  • SQ edema
  • body cavity effusion
  • murmurs
  • arrhythmia

more non-specific: weight loss, ill thrift, intermittent fever, sudden death, exercise intolerance, diarrhea

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2
Q

what are the 4 important things to do to diagnose CV disease in cattle?

A
  • hx
  • PE
  • ECG
  • cardiac troponin 1 (cTn1)
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3
Q

tell me how to use cTn1 (cardiac troponin 1) in diagnosis of CV disease

A

normal = rule out cardiac damage
high = not definitive for cardiac damage, but suggestive (non-primary CV dz can cause this too)

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4
Q

tell me the pathophys of traumatic reticulopericarditis

A
  1. FB penetration
  2. bac t into pericardial space
  3. inflammatory reaction
  4. abscess in non-elastic pericardial sac
  5. constrictive pericarditis
  6. decrease CO (esp on R side)
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5
Q

what are the C/S of traumatic reticulopericarditis?

A

initial: sudden drop in milk prod, decreased appetite, depressed, doesn’t want to get up/lay down

later: abducted elbows, expiratory grunt and/or grunt w/ reticular contractions

advanced: cardiac signs = R sided HF

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6
Q

how do you dx traumatic reticulopericarditis?

A
  • cardiac auscultation = friction rub, NO MURMUR
  • ancillary testing (CBC = neutrophilia, ECG = pericardial effusion, pericardiocentesis = foul odor, inflammatory fluid)
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7
Q

how do you tx traumatic reticulopericarditis?

A
  • salvage ASAP if no ABs used (but carcass still probably condemned due to disease state)
  • ABs, rumenotomy, external pericardial drainage, 5th rib resection, pericardiotomy & marsupialization
  • euthanasia
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8
Q

what is the prognosis for traumatic reticulopericarditis?

A

bad

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9
Q

tell me the pathophys of endocarditis and what aspect of the heart is usually affected?

A

abscess somewhere –> blood to right heart first

tricuspid (R AV valve)

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10
Q

what are the C/S of endocarditis?

A

R heart insufficiency, intermittent fever, murmur (R side)

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11
Q

true or false: traumatic reticulopericarditis has a murmur

A

false! it does not

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12
Q

true or false: endocarditis does not have a murmur

A

false! it does

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13
Q

how do you dx endocarditis?

A
  • C/S
  • leukocytosis (CBC)
  • ECG
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14
Q

how do you tx endocarditis?

A

ABs may hold dz in check
euthanize

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15
Q

what is the px of endocarditis?

A

grave, esp if in HF (valves permanently damaged)

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16
Q

High mountain disease is also called what?

A

brisket disease, high altitude disease, HMD

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17
Q

what are the C/S of high mountain disease?

A
  • slow onset
  • weak, depressed, unthrifty, poor ADG
  • right sided HF (brisket edema, ventral edema, prom jug pulse, pulmonary edema)
  • eventually diarrhea, laboured resp, recumbent, dead
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18
Q

what is the pathogenesis of high mountain disease?

A

if >1600m altitude

  1. low PaO2
  2. chronic alveolar hypoxia
  3. bovine pulmonary artery reaction (vasoconstriction)
  4. increased vascular resistance
  5. pulmonary hypertension
  6. R ventricle hypertrophy
  7. R-sided HF
  8. brisket edema, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion –> ascites
19
Q

how does pregnancy affect high mountain disease?

A

pregnant = increased response to low PaO2

20
Q

tell me about the genetic predisposition to high mountain disease?

A

there is one

black Angus

21
Q

what is the only indicator of ability to tolerate hypoxic conditions? and when do you use this?

A

PAP (pulmonary arterial pressure)

use in replacement bulls & heifers

22
Q

how do you dx high mountain disease?

A
  • hx + C/S
  • no murmur
  • increased mean PAP
  • PM = marked hypertrophy and dilation of R ventricle
23
Q

how do you tx high mountain disease?

A

move to lower altitude, minimize exercise/stress

don’t use meds! they don’t help

24
Q

what is cor pulmonale?

A

R sided heart failure due to primary resp dz (like BRD)

25
Q

how do you dx white muscle disease?

A
  • massively increase cTn1, CK, AST
  • white streaks and/or pale areas of muscle
  • UA positive for blood (myoglobin)
26
Q

what does ionophore tox do to bovines?

A

white muscle disease

27
Q

what are the C/S of ionophore tox?

A

anorexia, weakness, muscle tremors, HF, sudden death

28
Q

what do you find on PM of cow who died from ionophore tox?

A

multiple dead

dilated heart, pulmonary congestion
white muscle disease
if no cardiac lesions, check hind limb muscles

29
Q

what organism causes lesions that include white muscle disease?

A

Histophilus somni

30
Q

how do you differentiate white muscle disease caused by Vit E/selenium deficiency, ionophore tox, and histophilus somni?

A

H. somni: part of systemic syndrome –> there will be lesions in resp, joints, cardiac, and neuro

for others, you check feed

31
Q

true or false: prevention and treatment of histophilus somni in cattle is difficult

A

true

32
Q

atrial fibrillation in cattle is most often associated with ____.

A

GI dysfunction

33
Q

what are the C/S of atrial fibrillation?

A
  • irregularly irregular rhythm
  • variable intensity of heart sounds
  • variations in pulse amplitude
  • pulse deficits if HR >100bpm
34
Q

what do you see on an ECG of a cow with atrial fibrillation?

A
  • no P waves
  • tachycardia
  • irregularly irregular rhythm
35
Q

how do you treat atrial fibrillation in a cow? what is the prognosis?

A

find and tx primary GI problem

px excellent if fibrillation converts and no cardiac pathology, poor if fails to convert once GI is fixed

36
Q

what is the most common congenital cardiac defect in cows?

A

ventricular septal defect

37
Q

where are ventricular septal defects usually located in cow hearts? what does it cause?

A

high in inter ventricular septum

causes L to R shunting

38
Q

true or false: with a ventral septal defect, the loudness of the murmur is indicative of the size of the defect

A

false! small defect has big noise, and big defect has small noise

39
Q

what are the C/S of ventricular septal defect?

A

small: apparently normal animal
large: exercise intolerance, lethargy, appear normal but slow, fails to grow

40
Q

how do you dx ventricular septal defects?

A

auscultation of usually loud murmur, palpate thrill on thoracic

41
Q

how do you tx ventricular septal defects?

A

you don’t

42
Q

what is the px of a ventricular septal defect?

A

poor, unless small defect, then fair to good for survival to market

43
Q

true or false: you are ok to breed cows with ventricular septal defects

A

false! do not breed!

540 (cow class) (32 decks)

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