Cardio

Question 1

tell me the major C/S associated with CV disease in cattle

Answer 1

• abnormal jug veins
• SQ edema
• body cavity effusion
• murmurs
• arrhythmia

more non-specific: weight loss, ill thrift, intermittent fever, sudden death, exercise intolerance, diarrhea

Question 2

what are the 4 important things to do to diagnose CV disease in cattle?

Answer 2

• hx
• PE
• ECG
• cardiac troponin 1 (cTn1)

Question 3

tell me how to use cTn1 (cardiac troponin 1) in diagnosis of CV disease

Answer 3

normal = rule out cardiac damage
high = not definitive for cardiac damage, but suggestive (non-primary CV dz can cause this too)

Question 4

tell me the pathophys of traumatic reticulopericarditis

Answer 4

1. FB penetration
2. bac t into pericardial space
3. inflammatory reaction
4. abscess in non-elastic pericardial sac
5. constrictive pericarditis
6. decrease CO (esp on R side)

Question 5

what are the C/S of traumatic reticulopericarditis?

Answer 5

initial: sudden drop in milk prod, decreased appetite, depressed, doesn’t want to get up/lay down

later: abducted elbows, expiratory grunt and/or grunt w/ reticular contractions

advanced: cardiac signs = R sided HF

Question 6

how do you dx traumatic reticulopericarditis?

Answer 6

• cardiac auscultation = friction rub, NO MURMUR
• ancillary testing (CBC = neutrophilia, ECG = pericardial effusion, pericardiocentesis = foul odor, inflammatory fluid)

Question 7

how do you tx traumatic reticulopericarditis?

Answer 7

• salvage ASAP if no ABs used (but carcass still probably condemned due to disease state)
• ABs, rumenotomy, external pericardial drainage, 5th rib resection, pericardiotomy & marsupialization
• euthanasia

Question 8

what is the prognosis for traumatic reticulopericarditis?

Answer 8

bad

Question 9

tell me the pathophys of endocarditis and what aspect of the heart is usually affected?

Answer 9

abscess somewhere –> blood to right heart first

tricuspid (R AV valve)

Question 10

what are the C/S of endocarditis?

Answer 10

R heart insufficiency, intermittent fever, murmur (R side)

Question 11

true or false: traumatic reticulopericarditis has a murmur

Answer 11

false! it does not

Question 12

true or false: endocarditis does not have a murmur

Answer 12

false! it does

Question 13

how do you dx endocarditis?

Answer 13

• C/S
• leukocytosis (CBC)
• ECG

Question 14

how do you tx endocarditis?

Answer 14

ABs may hold dz in check
euthanize

Question 15

what is the px of endocarditis?

Answer 15

grave, esp if in HF (valves permanently damaged)

Question 16

High mountain disease is also called what?

Answer 16

brisket disease, high altitude disease, HMD

Question 17

what are the C/S of high mountain disease?

Answer 17

• slow onset
• weak, depressed, unthrifty, poor ADG
• right sided HF (brisket edema, ventral edema, prom jug pulse, pulmonary edema)
• eventually diarrhea, laboured resp, recumbent, dead

Question 18

what is the pathogenesis of high mountain disease?

Answer 18

if >1600m altitude

1. low PaO2
2. chronic alveolar hypoxia
3. bovine pulmonary artery reaction (vasoconstriction)
4. increased vascular resistance
5. pulmonary hypertension
6. R ventricle hypertrophy
7. R-sided HF
8. brisket edema, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion –> ascites

Question 19

how does pregnancy affect high mountain disease?

Answer 19

pregnant = increased response to low PaO2

Question 20

tell me about the genetic predisposition to high mountain disease?

Answer 20

there is one

black Angus

Question 21

what is the only indicator of ability to tolerate hypoxic conditions? and when do you use this?

Answer 21

PAP (pulmonary arterial pressure)

use in replacement bulls & heifers

Question 22

how do you dx high mountain disease?

Answer 22

• hx + C/S
• no murmur
• increased mean PAP
• PM = marked hypertrophy and dilation of R ventricle

Question 23

how do you tx high mountain disease?

Answer 23

move to lower altitude, minimize exercise/stress

don’t use meds! they don’t help

Question 24

what is cor pulmonale?

Answer 24

R sided heart failure due to primary resp dz (like BRD)

Question 25

how do you dx white muscle disease?

Answer 25

- massively increase cTn1, CK, AST - white streaks and/or pale areas of muscle - UA positive for blood (myoglobin)

Question 26

what does ionophore tox do to bovines?

Answer 26

white muscle disease

Question 27

what are the C/S of ionophore tox?

Answer 27

anorexia, weakness, muscle tremors, HF, sudden death

Question 28

what do you find on PM of cow who died from ionophore tox?

Answer 28

multiple dead dilated heart, pulmonary congestion white muscle disease if no cardiac lesions, check hind limb muscles

Question 29

what organism causes lesions that include white muscle disease?

Answer 29

Histophilus somni

Question 30

how do you differentiate white muscle disease caused by Vit E/selenium deficiency, ionophore tox, and histophilus somni?

Answer 30

H. somni: part of systemic syndrome --> there will be lesions in resp, joints, cardiac, and neuro for others, you check feed

Question 31

true or false: prevention and treatment of histophilus somni in cattle is difficult

Answer 31

true

Question 32

atrial fibrillation in cattle is most often associated with ____.

Answer 32

GI dysfunction

Question 33

what are the C/S of atrial fibrillation?

Answer 33

- irregularly irregular rhythm - variable intensity of heart sounds - variations in pulse amplitude - pulse deficits if HR >100bpm

Question 34

what do you see on an ECG of a cow with atrial fibrillation?

Answer 34

- no P waves - tachycardia - irregularly irregular rhythm

Question 35

how do you treat atrial fibrillation in a cow? what is the prognosis?

Answer 35

find and tx primary GI problem px excellent if fibrillation converts and no cardiac pathology, poor if fails to convert once GI is fixed

Question 36

what is the most common congenital cardiac defect in cows?

Answer 36

ventricular septal defect

Question 37

where are ventricular septal defects usually located in cow hearts? what does it cause?

Answer 37

high in inter ventricular septum causes L to R shunting

Question 38

true or false: with a ventral septal defect, the loudness of the murmur is indicative of the size of the defect

Answer 38

false! small defect has big noise, and big defect has small noise

Question 39

what are the C/S of ventricular septal defect?

Answer 39

small: apparently normal animal large: exercise intolerance, lethargy, appear normal but slow, fails to grow

Question 40

how do you dx ventricular septal defects?

Answer 40

auscultation of usually loud murmur, palpate thrill on thoracic

Question 41

how do you tx ventricular septal defects?

Answer 41

you don't

Question 42

what is the px of a ventricular septal defect?

Answer 42

poor, unless small defect, then fair to good for survival to market

Question 43

true or false: you are ok to breed cows with ventricular septal defects

Answer 43

false! do not breed!