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540 (cow class) > Male Uro > Flashcards

Male Uro Flashcards

1
Q

what is the least painful method of castration?

A

Burdizzo

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2
Q

what is Burdizzo castration?

A

crushing spermatic cord through scrotal skin by use of a tool

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3
Q

why do we like Burdizzo castration?

A

least painful method

doesn’t disrupt blood supply to scrotum (bloodless, scrot doesn’t slough)

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4
Q

why do we not like Burdizzo?

A

high failure rate (improper technique, poor equipment maintenance)

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5
Q

what is proper Burizzo castration technique?

A

age limit = 2-4mo

choose correct size tool (different sizes for different ages)

each crush must be in place approx 10 seconds

store tool open and in a dry place

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6
Q

what are the pros to banding as a form of castration?

A

no pain initially

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7
Q

what are the cons to using banding as a castration method?

A
  • chronic pain, delayed healing (colic signs, decreased gain)
  • ischemic necrosis
  • band failure = tetanus, toxemia
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8
Q

what is the proper way to use banding as a castration method?

A

placed just above both testicles, bands less than <12mo

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9
Q

when can high tension and low tension bands be used for banding castration?

A

high tension: all ages
low tension: calves <3 weeks

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10
Q

should you use long term analgesia for banding castration?

A

Y E S

for weeks at least

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11
Q

true or false: you should ALWAYS emasculate the cremaster with the spermatic cord, or separately if very large

A

true

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12
Q

what is the difference between open and closed castration?

which one is typically used for cattle?

A

open: parietal vag tunic opened, testicular ligament ruptured

closed: parietal vag tunic intact, blunt dissection/stripping fascia to spermatic cord

closed used most commonly

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13
Q

hand pulling castation is best used on what bulls?

A

young calves <3-4mo

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14
Q

hand pulling castration can result in what? why?

A

gut tie (pelvic hernia) or adhesions to other organs

because cord snaps back into abdomen

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15
Q

how do you do emasculation castration? what age can you do this on?

A

any age

  • expose and strip cords
  • apply emasculator
  • maintain pressure 30-45sec
  • ligature ± catgut/Miller’s knot
  • remove any tissue hanging from scrot via traction, emasculation
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16
Q

when should you use a Newberry knife vs a scalpel for surgical castration?

A

Newberry knife: side to side motion, or individual incisions cr-ca

scalpel: removal of bottem 1/3 of scrotum

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17
Q

what is the only way that ensures removal of both testicles ?

A

surgical castration

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18
Q

tell me about the pain and healing with surgical castration

A

high degree of pain, but fast healing
post-op pain for 1-2 weeks if no complications

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19
Q

how do you do immunocastration?

A

anti GnRH vaccines

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20
Q

what are the common complications associated with castration in cattle?

A
  • excessive hemorrhage
  • swelling
  • evisceration
  • tetanus
  • cryptorchidism
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21
Q

how do you deal with excessive hemorrhage while castrating?

A

ligate, pack, clamp

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22
Q

how do you deal with swelling while castrating?

A

lessened by drainage + exercise

if severe: Abx, NSAIDs, re-est drain

23
Q

evisceration is more common in ___ bulls.

A

mature

24
Q

tetanus is most likely to occur with what type of castration?

A

banding

25
Q

what is the most common type of cryptorchidism in cattle? which testicle?

A

inguinal and L
(extra-abdominal –> SQ tissue by inguinal or preputial area)

26
Q

cryptorchids are ___ in cattle.

A

uncommon

27
Q

what are the 3 main types of cryptorchid testicles?

A

ectopic, inguinal, abdominal

28
Q

tell me the difference in anesthesia for the different types of cryptorchid testicles.

A

ectopic: sedation or GA
inguinal: GA
abdominal: GA

29
Q

what is water belly?

A

obstructive urolithiasis in cattle

30
Q

what are the C/S of obstructive urolithiasis?

A

off feed, vocalization, posture to urinate, bowing, base-wide stance, colic, bruxism, elevation of tail head, urethral pulsation, pear-shaped body contour, ventral/scrotal/prepuputial edema

partial obstruction –> stranguria, pollakiuria, hematuria

31
Q

what is the top ddx in male cattle with colic?

A

obstructive urolithiasis AKA water belly

32
Q

what are the risk factors for obstructive urolithiasis?

A
  • mineral balance (Ca, Mg, P, silicate, Ca:P ratio)
  • water
  • anatomy
  • castration?
  • season?
33
Q

you suspect obstructive urolithiasis in a bovine. what should you do next?

A
  • full PE
  • rectal exam
  • transabdominal US
  • transrectal US
  • exam of penis
  • auscultation and succession
  • abdominocentesis
  • CBC/chem
34
Q

you do an abdominocentesis on a bovine that has water belly. what are your expected findings?

A

peritoneal:serum creatinine ratio of >2:1
= diagnostic of uroperitoneum

35
Q

what are you looking for in your CBC/Chem in a bovine with water belly?

A

hemoconcentration

increased urea and creatinine

mild elevation in K

normal or low Na and Cl

36
Q

what is a super common site of obstruction with cattle with water belly?

A

sigmoid flexure

37
Q

how do you tx water belly?

A
  • hyperkalemia –> dextrose
  • cardiac arrhythmias = Ca gluconate
  • NSAIDs
  • 0.9% NaCl
  • usually sx
38
Q

rupture of urethra causes severe _____. Metabolic disturbances are ____ (more/less) severe than with bladder rupture.

A

cellulitis

less

39
Q

how do you treat ruptured urethra/bladder in cattle surgically?

A

perineal urethrostomy (only option when urethra is ruptured)

then can either do penile amputation or spatulation of urethra

40
Q

tell me 4 ways to anesthetize the penis and urethra

A
  • internal pudendal nerve block
  • epidural
  • local block
  • systemic anesthesia
41
Q

what does the internal pudendal nerve block denervate?

A

causes penile relaxation and analgesia distal to sigmoid flexure

42
Q

what anesthesia techniques are easiest to use for the penis and urethra in cattle?

A

epidural, local block

43
Q

epidurals of the penis and prepuce denervate what?

A

perineum

44
Q

how does systemic anesthesia help with penis and prepuce treatments?

A

acepromazine causes relaxation of penis in protocol (sometimes unwanted lol)

45
Q

tell me about the px of urethral obstruction, bladder rupture, and urethral rupture.

A

from best to worst px:
obstruction, bladder rupture, urethral rupture

46
Q

true or false: strictures are not common with perineal urethrostomys in cattle.

A

false. they are very common

47
Q

why do we castrate bulls

A
  • decrease sexual activity in feedlots
  • eliminate unwanted propagation of inferior genetics (the uggos don’t get to bone)
  • decreases aggression towards humans and herd mates
  • improves meat quality
48
Q

what should you always give when castrating?

A

pain control!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

49
Q

when is castration usually performed in cattle?

A

at birth or branding

50
Q

why is castration usually performed at birth or branding in cattle?

A
  • minimizes pain/distress <1 week old
  • sx complications increase with age
  • facilitates restraint and efficiency
  • increase operator safety
51
Q

true or false: you should always remove the cryptorchid testicle first or you shouldn’t castrate

A

true!!!

52
Q

tell me about local testicular blocks in calves and older cattle

A

calves: 3mL/testicle
older: 10mL/testicle

2-4 min onset –> keep this timing in mind when performing procedure

53
Q

what drugs do you use with epidurals?

A

xylazine, lidocaine, or xylazine + lidocaine

54
Q

what are 3 NSAIDs you can use in cattle when castrating?

A

meloxicam*
Flunixin meglumine
ketoprofen

540 (cow class) (32 decks)

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