Male Uro Flashcards by Madeleine Gauthier

what is the least painful method of castration?

Burdizzo

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what is Burdizzo castration?

crushing spermatic cord through scrotal skin by use of a tool

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why do we like Burdizzo castration?

least painful method

doesn’t disrupt blood supply to scrotum (bloodless, scrot doesn’t slough)

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why do we not like Burdizzo?

high failure rate (improper technique, poor equipment maintenance)

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what is proper Burizzo castration technique?

age limit = 2-4mo

choose correct size tool (different sizes for different ages)

each crush must be in place approx 10 seconds

store tool open and in a dry place

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what are the pros to banding as a form of castration?

no pain initially

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what are the cons to using banding as a castration method?

chronic pain, delayed healing (colic signs, decreased gain)
ischemic necrosis
band failure = tetanus, toxemia

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what is the proper way to use banding as a castration method?

placed just above both testicles, bands less than <12mo

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when can high tension and low tension bands be used for banding castration?

high tension: all ages
low tension: calves <3 weeks

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should you use long term analgesia for banding castration?

Y E S

for weeks at least

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true or false: you should ALWAYS emasculate the cremaster with the spermatic cord, or separately if very large

true

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what is the difference between open and closed castration?

which one is typically used for cattle?

open: parietal vag tunic opened, testicular ligament ruptured

closed: parietal vag tunic intact, blunt dissection/stripping fascia to spermatic cord

closed used most commonly

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hand pulling castation is best used on what bulls?

young calves <3-4mo

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hand pulling castration can result in what? why?

gut tie (pelvic hernia) or adhesions to other organs

because cord snaps back into abdomen

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how do you do emasculation castration? what age can you do this on?

any age

expose and strip cords
apply emasculator
maintain pressure 30-45sec
ligature ± catgut/Miller’s knot
remove any tissue hanging from scrot via traction, emasculation

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when should you use a Newberry knife vs a scalpel for surgical castration?

Newberry knife: side to side motion, or individual incisions cr-ca

scalpel: removal of bottem 1/3 of scrotum

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what is the only way that ensures removal of both testicles ?

surgical castration

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tell me about the pain and healing with surgical castration

high degree of pain, but fast healing
post-op pain for 1-2 weeks if no complications

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how do you do immunocastration?

anti GnRH vaccines

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what are the common complications associated with castration in cattle?

excessive hemorrhage
swelling
evisceration
tetanus
cryptorchidism

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how do you deal with excessive hemorrhage while castrating?

ligate, pack, clamp

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how do you deal with swelling while castrating?

lessened by drainage + exercise

if severe: Abx, NSAIDs, re-est drain

evisceration is more common in ___ bulls.

mature

tetanus is most likely to occur with what type of castration?

banding

what is the most common type of cryptorchidism in cattle? which testicle?

inguinal and L (extra-abdominal --> SQ tissue by inguinal or preputial area)

cryptorchids are ___ in cattle.

uncommon

what are the 3 main types of cryptorchid testicles?

ectopic, inguinal, abdominal

tell me the difference in anesthesia for the different types of cryptorchid testicles.

ectopic: sedation or GA inguinal: GA abdominal: GA

what is water belly?

obstructive urolithiasis in cattle

what are the C/S of obstructive urolithiasis?

off feed, vocalization, posture to urinate, bowing, base-wide stance, colic, bruxism, elevation of tail head, urethral pulsation, pear-shaped body contour, ventral/scrotal/prepuputial edema partial obstruction --> stranguria, pollakiuria, hematuria

what is the top ddx in male cattle with colic?

obstructive urolithiasis AKA water belly

what are the risk factors for obstructive urolithiasis?

- mineral balance (Ca, Mg, P, silicate, Ca:P ratio) - water - anatomy - castration? - season?

you suspect obstructive urolithiasis in a bovine. what should you do next?

- full PE - rectal exam - transabdominal US - transrectal US - exam of penis - auscultation and succession - abdominocentesis - CBC/chem

you do an abdominocentesis on a bovine that has water belly. what are your expected findings?

peritoneal:serum creatinine ratio of >2:1 = diagnostic of uroperitoneum

what are you looking for in your CBC/Chem in a bovine with water belly?

hemoconcentration increased urea and creatinine mild elevation in K normal or low Na and Cl

what is a super common site of obstruction with cattle with water belly?

sigmoid flexure

how do you tx water belly?

- hyperkalemia --> dextrose - cardiac arrhythmias = Ca gluconate - NSAIDs - 0.9% NaCl - usually sx

rupture of urethra causes severe _____. Metabolic disturbances are ____ (more/less) severe than with bladder rupture.

cellulitis less

how do you treat ruptured urethra/bladder in cattle surgically?

perineal urethrostomy (only option when urethra is ruptured) then can either do penile amputation or spatulation of urethra

tell me 4 ways to anesthetize the penis and urethra

- internal pudendal nerve block - epidural - local block - systemic anesthesia

what does the internal pudendal nerve block denervate?

causes penile relaxation and analgesia distal to sigmoid flexure

what anesthesia techniques are easiest to use for the penis and urethra in cattle?

epidural, local block

epidurals of the penis and prepuce denervate what?

perineum

how does systemic anesthesia help with penis and prepuce treatments?

acepromazine causes relaxation of penis in protocol (sometimes unwanted lol)

tell me about the px of urethral obstruction, bladder rupture, and urethral rupture.

from best to worst px: obstruction, bladder rupture, urethral rupture

true or false: strictures are not common with perineal urethrostomys in cattle.

false. they are very common

why do we castrate bulls

- decrease sexual activity in feedlots - eliminate unwanted propagation of inferior genetics (the uggos don't get to bone) - decreases aggression towards humans and herd mates - improves meat quality

what should you always give when castrating?

pain control!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

when is castration usually performed in cattle?

at birth or branding

why is castration usually performed at birth or branding in cattle?

- minimizes pain/distress <1 week old - sx complications increase with age - facilitates restraint and efficiency - increase operator safety

true or false: you should always remove the cryptorchid testicle first or you shouldn't castrate

true!!!

tell me about local testicular blocks in calves and older cattle

calves: 3mL/testicle older: 10mL/testicle 2-4 min onset --> keep this timing in mind when performing procedure

what drugs do you use with epidurals?

xylazine, lidocaine, or xylazine + lidocaine

what are 3 NSAIDs you can use in cattle when castrating?

meloxicam* Flunixin meglumine ketoprofen