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540 (cow class) > neuro > Flashcards

neuro Flashcards

1
Q

what are the diseases w/ cortical signs?

A
  • polioencephalomalacia (PEM)
  • Pb tox
  • H2O tox/Na tox
  • rabies
  • thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEM)
  • bacterial meningitis
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2
Q

what are the diseases w/ brainstem signs?

A
  • listeriosis
  • otitis media
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3
Q

what are the diseases of nerve function?

A
  • tetanus
  • botulism
  • organophosphate tx
  • chlorinated hydrocarbons
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4
Q

what are the cerebellar diseases?

A
  • in utero viral infection (BVDV, aka bane, blue tongue
  • cerebellar hypoplasia
  • cerebellar abiotrophy
  • lysosomal storage disease
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5
Q

what is the typical signalment for polioencephalomalacia?

A

young ruminants, feedlots

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6
Q

what are the C/S for PEM?

A

no unique C/S (neuro signs obvi, non-infection = afebrile), usually symmetrical

blind, ataxia, opisthotonus (star-gazing), dorsomedial strabismus, vestibular signs, muscle tremors, coma, death

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7
Q

how do you dx PEM?

A

C/S, response to thiamine inj
definitive = pathology
- PEM fluoresces!

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8
Q

what are the ddx for PEM?

A

Pb tox, Na/H2O tox

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9
Q

what is the pathophys for PEM?

A

low thiamine/B1 = disease (alters neuron metabolism)

sudden change to high carb diet, thiamine analogs, thiaminase producing plants (bracken fern), high sulphate in ration

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10
Q

what is the tx for PEM?

A

thiamine (10mg/kg IV/IM, BID-QID)

reduce CNS edema, supportive

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11
Q

what is the px for PEM? how do you prevent PEM?

A

px: good if tx early, guarded if recumbent

prevent: manage ration changes, provide alternative H2O source

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12
Q

what does Pb tox do to body in cows? what’s the pathophys?

A

high dose: ischemic encephalopathy and cerebral edema

mod dose: gastroenteritis

interferes w/ heme synthesis –> decreased RBC lifespan –> slow onset of mild anemia

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13
Q

what are the C/S of Pb tox?

A

found dead, GI (variable), aggressive behaviour, hyperesthesia, bellow, head-pressing, seizures, circling/ataxic/weak/recumbent, blind (normal PLR)

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14
Q

how do you dx Pb tox?

A

check feed/pasture walk/mixtures, whole blood Pb, urine, PM

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15
Q

how do you tx Pb tox?

A

remove from GIT, lead chelation (Ca-Na2-EDTA)

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16
Q

what must you do if you diagnose a Pb tox on a farm?

A

report it! It’s a REPORTABLE disease

cannot slaughter until [Pb] low enough (≤0.11 mg/kg)

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17
Q

what is the typical signalment for H2O tox or Na poisoning?

A

feeder calves/lambs, winter grazing (snow) - no free access to good water

IF FREE ACCESS TO GOOD WATER, THEN NOT H2O TOX OR NA POISONING

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18
Q

what are the causes of H2O tox/Na poisoning?

A

high salt water source, feed mix error, excessive salt intake

severe water deprivation –> sudden unrestricted access (goes from hypoosmolar to hyperosmolar)

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19
Q

what are the C/S of H2O tox/Na poisoning?

A

diarrhea, hemoglobinemia, hemoglubinuria, blind, lethargy, seizures, ataxia, recumbent, coma

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20
Q

on pathology for h2o tox or Na poisoning, what do you see?

A

brain edema, cerebrocortical necrosis

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21
Q

how do you dx H2O tox/Na poisoning?

A

C/S, hx, serum, CSF, hemoglobinuria

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22
Q

how do you tx h2o tox/Na poisoning

A

if H2O deprivation then suddenly free drink: diuretic

if salt tox: water access mgmt (controlled access to small amounts of water)

23
Q

what is the typical hx and C/S for rabies?

A

hx: aberrant wildlife behaviour, delay of signs up to 6 months

C/S: rapid once clinical (dead <10-14d) –> recumbent, comatose, dead

dumb form, paralytic form, cerebral/furious form

24
Q

how do you tx rabies? how do you control it?

A

tx: none

control: vax

25
Q

what is the causative agent of thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEM)?

A

Histophilus somni

26
Q

what is the typical signalment for TEM

A

feedlot cattle

27
Q

what are the C/S for TEM?

A

anorexia, staggering, sudden death, coma, OTHER ORGAN SYS INVOLVEMENT

if cow has CNS signs, joint issues, myocarditis, and BRD, then suspect H. somni

28
Q

how do you dx TEM? what’s the px?

A

dx: C/S, PM, CSF, serum Ab
px: poor

29
Q

how do you tx TEM?

A

Ab (florfenicol), support, vax

30
Q

how do calves and adults get bacterial meningitis?

A

calves: failure of passive transfer, omphalophlebitis –> septicemia, enteritis

adults: wound on skulls, vertebral abscess, progression of infection, bulls –> pituitary abscess [this is rare in adults]

31
Q

what are the C/S of bacterial meningitis?

A

fever, hyperesthesia, other sings related to source, depression, stargazing, wandering, seizures, head pressing, ataxia in all 4 limbs, spinal reflexes may be hyperresponsive

32
Q

what is the etiology of bacterial meningitis?

A

any septic bac t (E. coli), failure of passive transfer

33
Q

how do you dx bacterial meningitis?

A

CBC, CSF (increased PMNs and protein, low glucose)

34
Q

how do you tx bacterial meningitis?

A

Abs (C&S), corticosteroids, plasma if FTP

35
Q

what is the px for bacterial meningitis?

A

guarded

36
Q

what is the causative agent of listeriosis?

A

Listeria monocytogenes –> feed contamination

37
Q

what are the C/S of listeriosis?

A

fever, primarily brainstem (asymmetrical, facial/vestibular/hypoglossal CNs), depression, hyper excitability, end stage (paresis, ataxia, coma, death)

one ear droopy, facial paralysis, etc

also abortion, perinatal mortality, septicemia

38
Q

how do you dx listeriosis?

A

CSF –> mononuclear cells
PM

39
Q

how do you tx listeriosis?

A

ABs (procaine penicillin, tetracycline, ampicillin), fluids

40
Q

what is the px of listeriosis?

A

fair to poor

41
Q

how do you control listeriosis?

A

proper silage prep (<4.5pH), proper feed mgmt

ZOONOTIC!!!! - unrelated to affected animal

42
Q

what is the typical signalment for otitis media/interna

A

young feedlot lambs, dairy calves (not depressed, droopy ear)

43
Q

what is the typical history for otitis media/interna?

A

resp dz, pharyngitis

not depressed, droopy ear

44
Q

what are the common etiologies for otitis media/interna

A

Mycoplasma bovis, Pasteurella

45
Q

what are the C/S for otitis media/intenra?

A

aural discharge (purulent), epodes of fever/depression, facial-ear position, vestibular nerve deficits (head tilt)

46
Q

what is the tx for otitis media/interna?

A

Abs (erythromycin, enrofloxacin), drain via ear drum (serious cases)

47
Q

what are the C/S and hx of tetanus?

A

wound related!

hyperresponsible to stimuli, sudden onset of stiff gait, tail/head elevated, opisthotonus, highly visible prominent NM, signs exaggerated by stimuli

48
Q

how do you dx tetanus? what are the ddx?

A

dx: C/S, no lesions at PM

ddx: hypoMg, WMD, PEM, enterotoxemia in sheep

49
Q

why does tetanus do what it does?

A

tetanospasm toxin –. inhibition of the inhibitors –> neurone firing all da time!

50
Q

how do you tx tetanus?

A

really good vaccine available!

eliminate bac t, neutralize toxin, boost immunity, muscle relaxation, supportive

51
Q

what are the C/S and hx of botulism?

A

flaccid paralysis

ingested or via wounds

52
Q

why does botulism do what it does?

A

blocks release of Ach, neurons no worky

53
Q

what are the ddx for botulism?

A

HypoMg, HypoK, tick paralysis, rabies, OP tox

54
Q

where does tick paralysis occur? what is the signalment? what are the C/S and tx?

A

south central BC (specific pastures on specific ranches)

primarily young

ascending paralysis

remove tick! recover fully w/I 24 hours of tick removal

540 (cow class) (32 decks)

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