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Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of scours?

A

neonatal calf diarrhea

excessive fluid content, feces of softer than normal consistency for >2 days

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2
Q

what is more important in terms of pathogenicity of scours pathogens: presence/absence or load?

A

load!!!

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3
Q

is scours an individual problem?

A

never!!! check the rest of the herd

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4
Q

what are the main bacterial etiologies of scours?

A
  • ETEC (F5/K99)
  • Salmonella enterica enterica
  • Clostridium perfringens type C
  • Campylobacter jejuni
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5
Q

ETEC affects what age of calf?

A

<5 days old

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6
Q

what type of D+ does ETEC cause? what happens to the intestinal epithelium?

A

toxin –> secretory D+

intestinal epithelium remains intact

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7
Q

what is important to know about ETEC diagnostics?

A

will always find E. coli in fecal cultures, so need to follow culture with typing to see if causing scours

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8
Q

what are the two serovars of salmonella enterica enterica that cause scours?

A

Dublin and Typhimurium

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9
Q

is salmonella enterica enterica provincially reportable? which serovars are/are not?

A

yes!!
Dublin + typhimurium (both!!!)

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10
Q

how can you tell the difference in Salmonella Dublin and typhymurium in terms of disease process?

A

Dublin: systemic disease, young + adults, more invasive, manifestations include meningoencephalitis and septic arthritis ± d+
- also cause resp dz in older calves at weaning, occasionally gangrene

typhimurium: acute D+, outbreaks <2mo

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11
Q

true or false: there can be a chronic carrier state with salmonella enterica enterica

A

true

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12
Q

what age group does salmonella enterica enterica typically impact?

A

most commonly <28 days old, between 5-42 days old

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13
Q

what type of cattle is more at risk for salmonella enterica enterica?

A

dairy > beef

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14
Q

what are the C/S of salmonella enterica enterica?

A

transient fever, dullness, anorexia, malodorous D+ with mucus ± blood, may be hypothermic as approaching death

peracute: found dead

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15
Q

tell me about necropsies of cattle with salmonella enterica enterica

A

systemic disease, lots of fibrin, massive LNs, inflammation

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16
Q

what are the viral causes of scours?

A
  • rotavirus
  • coronavirus
  • totavirus/Breda virus, calicivirus, norovirus, parvovirus
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17
Q

what age group does rotavirus cause scours in?

A

5-15 days old

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18
Q

what type of D+ does rotavirus cause and how does the intestinal epithelium react?

A

malabsorptive D+ = kills villous enterocytes and reduces absorptive surface area

secretory d+ = toxin secreted

min epithelial damage that quickly resolves

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19
Q

what are the C/S of rotavirus scours?

A

profuse watery D+, dehydration, depression, weakness (less so than other pathogens), hypoglycemia

often results in co-infection

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20
Q

tell me about the morbidity of salmonella enterica enterica?

A

high

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21
Q

tell me about the morbidity and mortality of rotavirus scours?

A

high morbidity, low mortality (unless co-infection)

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22
Q

what age group does coronavirus infect with scours?

A

typically 5-21 days old (1 day = 3 mo)

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23
Q

true or false: coronavirus is ubiquitous

A

true

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24
Q

coronavirus causes ____ in adults

A

winter dysentery

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25
what type of D+ does coronavirus cause in calves?
maldigestive + malabsorptive D+ = crypt + villous enterocytes targeted crypt loss = prolonged illness
26
telll me about the mortality of coronavirus compared to rotavirus
higher than rota
27
coronavirus causes more severe ____ and ____ compared to rotavirus
acidosis, dehydration
28
what are the parasitic etiologies of scours?
- Cryptosporidium parvum - Eimeria spp. (coccidiosis) - Giardia spp.
29
what age group does crypto target?
8-14 days old
30
crypto causes lots of _____ and _____
subclinical infection, co-infection
31
what type of D+ does crypto cause?
malabsorptive D+ = villous atrophy, sometimes disruption of epithelial barrier, inflammatory process
32
tell me about the infection rate, morbidity, and mortality of Eimeria?
high infection rate, sporadic morbidity, low mortality
33
what age group does Eimeria target with scours?
>21 days old (shortly after weaning in dairy)
34
what are the C/S of coccidiosis/Eimeira?
D+, dysentery, tenesmus, painful abdomen, possibly hemorrhage from exfoliation of intestinal mucosa nervous coccidiosis happens, but it's rare
35
what are nutritional reasons for scours? how can you tell the difference b/t nutritional and infectious scours?
- poor quality milk replacer, poor replacer mixing - dietary changes -over feeding (rare!) shouldn't be systemic signs, calves are BAR, should be resolved in a few days
36
give me a time line for age ranges for calf scours pathogens
ETEC: <5 days Rotavirus: 5-15 days Coronavirus: 5-21 days salmonella: <28 days crypto: 8-14 days Eimeria: >21 days
37
how do you dx calf scours? what are the best diagnostic tools?
- triage and plan for prevention of further cases before dx (fluids, supportive care, environment mgmt) - consider it zoonotic even if you don't know it is yet!!! fresh carcass (acute, untreated), and/or feces from live (acute, untreated) samples from multiple animals to confirm dx
38
what is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in calves? what etiology is most likely involved?
septicemia most often due to E. coli
39
what is septicemia? (in this class lmao)
marked inflammatory response to bacteremia or endotoxemia = systemic signs
40
what are the C/S of calf septicemia?
severe depression, increased RR, anorexia, hyperaemia of MM, injected sclera, tachycardia that progresses to bradycardia + arrhythmias, dehydration as it progresses, weak pulse and cold extremities quick onset
41
what is the px of calf septicemia? what are common sequelae?
poor septic joints, pneumonia, meningitis
42
what are the 2 main scenarios of a septicaemia calf.
calves <2 weeks old with FTPI calves w/ NCD (neonatal calf d+)
43
tell me about temperature of a septicaemic calf.
beginning of septicemia = spike in fever temp drops bc hypovolemic shock/downward spiral (so more often hypothermic)
44
why is there an increased RR in a septicaemic cow from scours?
calf scours = metabolic acidosis!!!!!! = breath more Co2 and raise blood pH
45
what metabolic disturbance do calves with scours have
metabolic acidosis
46
what do you look at to measure dehydration in calves?
recession of eye, skin tent, demeanour
47
dehydration of ______ needs IV fluids
≥8% err on the side of them being more dehydrated than we think
48
tell me the dehydration table
49
mentation in calves is related to the level of ______. tell me what things to look for
acidemia weakness, ataxia, poor suckle reflex, slow palpebral reflex = acidemia
50
calves >1 week old have _____ (higher/lower/same) _____ (acid/base) deficits compared to calves of similar mentation <1 week old
higher, base
51
tell me the base deficit table
52
what are the broad components of individual scours/septicemia treatment?
- replace fluid and electrolyte losses - correct acid-base imbalances - provide E support - treat bacteremia/septicemia - mitigate pain - warm body temp to normal
53
if a calf has normal mentation, <6% dehydrated, and has a suckle reflex, how can you replace their fluids and electrolyte losses?
oral electrolyte solutions (OES) don't give with milk (give fluids, then a few hours later, give milk)
54
when do we give IV fluids to calfs?
>8% dehydrated, calf cannot stand, calf has weak/absent suckle reflex
55
tell me how to calculate how much fluids to give a calf. include the equations for calculations
1. replacement - volume: weight x % dehydration = L fluid needed - rate: 30-50 ml/kg/hr 2. ongoing losses, 2-4L/day 3. maintenance, 50ml/kg/day
56
you have an 8 day old calf, 45kg, depressed. eye recession 5mm, skin tent 3sec, sternal recumbency. what fluid therapy does he need to correct dehydration? how will you correct his base deficit?
replacement: 45kg x 0.08 = 3.6L ongoing: 3L maintenance: 50mL x 45kg = 2250mL/1000 = 2.25L 3.6 + 2.25 + 3 = 8.85L in 24 hours 45kg x 15mEq/L x 0.6 = 405mEq/L - isotonic bicarb: 405/155 = 2.6L IV over 24 hours (with 20ml/kg bolus to start) - hypertonic bicarb: 405/1000 = 0.4L over 10 min
57
what are your options for fluids for rehydration and when would you use them?
- isotonic saline (0.9%): easy, cheap, slightly acidifying (if high base deficit, don't use this one) - isotonic sodium bicarbonate (1.3%): rehydration + alkalization - Lactated Ringer's Solution: better than saline, but not great - Plasmalyte: cheap and closest to normal plasma in animal
58
tell me how to figure out the base deficit in a calf. include calculations
bicarbonate requirement (mEq) = weight (kg) x base deficit (mEq/L) x 0.6 bicarb req / conc of fluid = vol of fluid over 24 hours
59
can you use hypertonic saline (7.2%) to correct acid base problems?
nope
60
tell me how to use hypertonic saline (7.2%)
bolus 4-5ml/kg admin slowly over 4min period
61
tell me your options for fluids to correct acid base problems in calves. include the conc of bicarb, when to use, and how to use (like rate)
- isotonic sodium bicarb (1.3%) **(155mEq/L)**: bolus 20ml/kg, followed by remaining vol over 24 hours; OR; 10% BW over 3-4 hours; switch over to something more neutral once you've corrected imbalance - hypertonic bicarb (8.4%) **(1000mEq/L)**: 5-10mL/kg over 10min (max 1ml/kg/min); do not use if any resp compromise
62
what should you always do if you're treating a cow with hypertonic fluid?
always follow with additional fluids!!! OES or IV
63
how can you provide additional E support?
dextrose in IV fluid therapy add 5-10% to other solutions (spike w/35-50g or 50-100mL of 50% dextrose)
64
when should you administer Abx to scours calves? why are you administering Abx?
treating/preventing bacteremia/septicemia, NOT TREATING D+ admin to calves that exhibit systemic illness and/or have blood or mucus in feces
65
are popular oral sulfa boluses recommended for bacteremia/septicemia?
nope
66
what are your options for Abx for calf scours?
Ceftiofur (2.2mg/kg, IM, q12h, 3 days) Parenteral ampicillin (10mg/kg, IM, q12h) for salmonella: Amoxicillin, TMR, ceftiofur (these ar controversial! multi drug resistance common, so C&S necessary)
67
are coccidiostats useful for treating coccidiosis scours?
I guess, but better evidence for control
68
how do you tx/prevent crypto?
Halofuginone (Halocur) (0.1 mg/kg PO q24h)
69
do probiotics/prebiotics help?
yes. they improve calf health and growth, esp during bouts of illness
70
what can you give to mitigate pain in calf scours?
Meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg once SQ) flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg/kg IV) - if there is pyrexia or endotoxemia

540 (cow class) (32 decks)

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