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540 (cow class) > Neonatal Calf Diarrhea > Flashcards

Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of scours?

A

neonatal calf diarrhea

excessive fluid content, feces of softer than normal consistency for >2 days

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2
Q

what is more important in terms of pathogenicity of scours pathogens: presence/absence or load?

A

load!!!

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3
Q

is scours an individual problem?

A

never!!! check the rest of the herd

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4
Q

what are the main bacterial etiologies of scours?

A
  • ETEC (F5/K99)
  • Salmonella enterica enterica
  • Clostridium perfringens type C
  • Campylobacter jejuni
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5
Q

ETEC affects what age of calf?

A

<5 days old

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6
Q

what type of D+ does ETEC cause? what happens to the intestinal epithelium?

A

toxin –> secretory D+

intestinal epithelium remains intact

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7
Q

what is important to know about ETEC diagnostics?

A

will always find E. coli in fecal cultures, so need to follow culture with typing to see if causing scours

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8
Q

what are the two serovars of salmonella enterica enterica that cause scours?

A

Dublin and Typhimurium

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9
Q

is salmonella enterica enterica provincially reportable? which serovars are/are not?

A

yes!!
Dublin + typhimurium (both!!!)

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10
Q

how can you tell the difference in Salmonella Dublin and typhymurium in terms of disease process?

A

Dublin: systemic disease, young + adults, more invasive, manifestations include meningoencephalitis and septic arthritis ± d+
- also cause resp dz in older calves at weaning, occasionally gangrene

typhimurium: acute D+, outbreaks <2mo

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11
Q

true or false: there can be a chronic carrier state with salmonella enterica enterica

A

true

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12
Q

what age group does salmonella enterica enterica typically impact?

A

most commonly <28 days old, between 5-42 days old

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13
Q

what type of cattle is more at risk for salmonella enterica enterica?

A

dairy > beef

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14
Q

what are the C/S of salmonella enterica enterica?

A

transient fever, dullness, anorexia, malodorous D+ with mucus ± blood, may be hypothermic as approaching death

peracute: found dead

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15
Q

tell me about necropsies of cattle with salmonella enterica enterica

A

systemic disease, lots of fibrin, massive LNs, inflammation

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16
Q

what are the viral causes of scours?

A
  • rotavirus
  • coronavirus
  • totavirus/Breda virus, calicivirus, norovirus, parvovirus
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17
Q

what age group does rotavirus cause scours in?

A

5-15 days old

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18
Q

what type of D+ does rotavirus cause and how does the intestinal epithelium react?

A

malabsorptive D+ = kills villous enterocytes and reduces absorptive surface area

secretory d+ = toxin secreted

min epithelial damage that quickly resolves

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19
Q

what are the C/S of rotavirus scours?

A

profuse watery D+, dehydration, depression, weakness (less so than other pathogens), hypoglycemia

often results in co-infection

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20
Q

tell me about the morbidity of salmonella enterica enterica?

A

high

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21
Q

tell me about the morbidity and mortality of rotavirus scours?

A

high morbidity, low mortality (unless co-infection)

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22
Q

what age group does coronavirus infect with scours?

A

typically 5-21 days old (1 day = 3 mo)

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23
Q

true or false: coronavirus is ubiquitous

A

true

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24
Q

coronavirus causes ____ in adults

A

winter dysentery

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25
Q

what type of D+ does coronavirus cause in calves?

A

maldigestive + malabsorptive D+ = crypt + villous enterocytes targeted

crypt loss = prolonged illness

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26
Q

telll me about the mortality of coronavirus compared to rotavirus

A

higher than rota

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27
Q

coronavirus causes more severe ____ and ____ compared to rotavirus

A

acidosis, dehydration

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28
Q

what are the parasitic etiologies of scours?

A
  • Cryptosporidium parvum
  • Eimeria spp. (coccidiosis)
  • Giardia spp.
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29
Q

what age group does crypto target?

A

8-14 days old

30
Q

crypto causes lots of _____ and _____

A

subclinical infection, co-infection

31
Q

what type of D+ does crypto cause?

A

malabsorptive D+ = villous atrophy, sometimes disruption of epithelial barrier, inflammatory process

32
Q

tell me about the infection rate, morbidity, and mortality of Eimeria?

A

high infection rate, sporadic morbidity, low mortality

33
Q

what age group does Eimeria target with scours?

A

> 21 days old (shortly after weaning in dairy)

34
Q

what are the C/S of coccidiosis/Eimeira?

A

D+, dysentery, tenesmus, painful abdomen, possibly hemorrhage from exfoliation of intestinal mucosa

nervous coccidiosis happens, but it’s rare

35
Q

what are nutritional reasons for scours? how can you tell the difference b/t nutritional and infectious scours?

A
  • poor quality milk replacer, poor replacer mixing
  • dietary changes
    -over feeding (rare!)

shouldn’t be systemic signs, calves are BAR, should be resolved in a few days

36
Q

give me a time line for age ranges for calf scours pathogens

A

ETEC: <5 days
Rotavirus: 5-15 days
Coronavirus: 5-21 days
salmonella: <28 days
crypto: 8-14 days
Eimeria: >21 days

37
Q

how do you dx calf scours? what are the best diagnostic tools?

A
  • triage and plan for prevention of further cases before dx (fluids, supportive care, environment mgmt)
  • consider it zoonotic even if you don’t know it is yet!!!

fresh carcass (acute, untreated), and/or feces from live (acute, untreated)

samples from multiple animals to confirm dx

38
Q

what is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in calves? what etiology is most likely involved?

A

septicemia
most often due to E. coli

39
Q

what is septicemia? (in this class lmao)

A

marked inflammatory response to bacteremia or endotoxemia = systemic signs

40
Q

what are the C/S of calf septicemia?

A

severe depression, increased RR, anorexia, hyperaemia of MM, injected sclera, tachycardia that progresses to bradycardia + arrhythmias, dehydration

as it progresses, weak pulse and cold extremities

quick onset

41
Q

what is the px of calf septicemia? what are common sequelae?

A

poor

septic joints, pneumonia, meningitis

42
Q

what are the 2 main scenarios of a septicaemia calf.

A

calves <2 weeks old with FTPI

calves w/ NCD (neonatal calf d+)

43
Q

tell me about temperature of a septicaemic calf.

A

beginning of septicemia = spike in fever

temp drops bc hypovolemic shock/downward spiral (so more often hypothermic)

44
Q

why is there an increased RR in a septicaemic cow from scours?

A

calf scours = metabolic acidosis!!!!!! = breath more Co2 and raise blood pH

45
Q

what metabolic disturbance do calves with scours have

A

metabolic acidosis

46
Q

what do you look at to measure dehydration in calves?

A

recession of eye, skin tent, demeanour

47
Q

dehydration of ______ needs IV fluids

A

≥8%

err on the side of them being more dehydrated than we think

48
Q

tell me the dehydration table

A
49
Q

mentation in calves is related to the level of ______. tell me what things to look for

A

acidemia

weakness, ataxia, poor suckle reflex, slow palpebral reflex = acidemia

50
Q

calves >1 week old have _____ (higher/lower/same) _____ (acid/base) deficits compared to calves of similar mentation <1 week old

A

higher, base

51
Q

tell me the base deficit table

A
52
Q

what are the broad components of individual scours/septicemia treatment?

A
  • replace fluid and electrolyte losses
  • correct acid-base imbalances
  • provide E support
  • treat bacteremia/septicemia
  • mitigate pain
  • warm body temp to normal
53
Q

if a calf has normal mentation, <6% dehydrated, and has a suckle reflex, how can you replace their fluids and electrolyte losses?

A

oral electrolyte solutions (OES)

don’t give with milk (give fluids, then a few hours later, give milk)

54
Q

when do we give IV fluids to calfs?

A

> 8% dehydrated, calf cannot stand, calf has weak/absent suckle reflex

55
Q

tell me how to calculate how much fluids to give a calf. include the equations for calculations

A
  1. replacement
    - volume: weight x % dehydration = L fluid needed
    - rate: 30-50 ml/kg/hr
  2. ongoing losses, 2-4L/day
  3. maintenance, 50ml/kg/day
56
Q

you have an 8 day old calf, 45kg, depressed. eye recession 5mm, skin tent 3sec, sternal recumbency. what fluid therapy does he need to correct dehydration? how will you correct his base deficit?

A

replacement: 45kg x 0.08 = 3.6L
ongoing: 3L
maintenance: 50mL x 45kg = 2250mL/1000 = 2.25L
3.6 + 2.25 + 3 = 8.85L in 24 hours

45kg x 15mEq/L x 0.6 = 405mEq/L
- isotonic bicarb: 405/155 = 2.6L IV over 24 hours (with 20ml/kg bolus to start)
- hypertonic bicarb: 405/1000 = 0.4L over 10 min

57
Q

what are your options for fluids for rehydration and when would you use them?

A
  • isotonic saline (0.9%): easy, cheap, slightly acidifying (if high base deficit, don’t use this one)
  • isotonic sodium bicarbonate (1.3%): rehydration + alkalization
  • Lactated Ringer’s Solution: better than saline, but not great
  • Plasmalyte: cheap and closest to normal plasma in animal
58
Q

tell me how to figure out the base deficit in a calf. include calculations

A

bicarbonate requirement (mEq) = weight (kg) x base deficit (mEq/L) x 0.6

bicarb req / conc of fluid = vol of fluid over 24 hours

59
Q

can you use hypertonic saline (7.2%) to correct acid base problems?

A

nope

60
Q

tell me how to use hypertonic saline (7.2%)

A

bolus
4-5ml/kg admin slowly over 4min period

61
Q

tell me your options for fluids to correct acid base problems in calves. include the conc of bicarb, when to use, and how to use (like rate)

A
  • isotonic sodium bicarb (1.3%) (155mEq/L): bolus 20ml/kg, followed by remaining vol over 24 hours; OR; 10% BW over 3-4 hours; switch over to something more neutral once you’ve corrected imbalance
  • hypertonic bicarb (8.4%) (1000mEq/L): 5-10mL/kg over 10min (max 1ml/kg/min); do not use if any resp compromise
62
Q

what should you always do if you’re treating a cow with hypertonic fluid?

A

always follow with additional fluids!!! OES or IV

63
Q

how can you provide additional E support?

A

dextrose in IV fluid therapy

add 5-10% to other solutions (spike w/35-50g or 50-100mL of 50% dextrose)

64
Q

when should you administer Abx to scours calves? why are you administering Abx?

A

treating/preventing bacteremia/septicemia, NOT TREATING D+

admin to calves that exhibit systemic illness and/or have blood or mucus in feces

65
Q

are popular oral sulfa boluses recommended for bacteremia/septicemia?

A

nope

66
Q

what are your options for Abx for calf scours?

A

Ceftiofur (2.2mg/kg, IM, q12h, 3 days)

Parenteral ampicillin (10mg/kg, IM, q12h)

for salmonella: Amoxicillin, TMR, ceftiofur (these ar controversial! multi drug resistance common, so C&S necessary)

67
Q

are coccidiostats useful for treating coccidiosis scours?

A

I guess, but better evidence for control

68
Q

how do you tx/prevent crypto?

A

Halofuginone (Halocur) (0.1 mg/kg PO q24h)

69
Q

do probiotics/prebiotics help?

A

yes. they improve calf health and growth, esp during bouts of illness

70
Q

what can you give to mitigate pain in calf scours?

A

Meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg once SQ)

flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg/kg IV) - if there is pyrexia or endotoxemia

540 (cow class) (32 decks)

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