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540 (cow class) > Acute Diarrhea > Flashcards

Acute Diarrhea Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common ddx’s for acute diarrhea in adult cattle?

A

Salmonellosis, BVD, BCoV, Coccidiosis, Nematodiasis

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2
Q

what are the C/S of Salmonellosis? what age?

A

any age

pyrexia
diarrhea (watery to mucoid, may contain blood or fibrin)
endotoxemia and bacteria may result in systemic signs
abortion
septicemia in calves
S. Dublin causes pneumonia in calves

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3
Q

how do you diagnose Salmonellosis?

A

ID organism (aerobic culture of feces)
- intermittent shedding, so repeated samples
- ELISA for S. Dublin antibodies available

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4
Q

how do you tx Salmonellosis?

A

Fluids + NSAIDs
- if severe dehydration, no NSAIDs until rehydrated

antibiotics: pros and cons, use if bacteremia, septicemia more likely in calves (TMPS often recommended)

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5
Q

how do you manage salmonellosis?

A

good hygiene
- don’t house sick and dry cows together
- limit calf exposure to adult feces
- reduce manure exposure
- disinfection

vax available: may reduce severity

maintain good health

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6
Q

what are the C/S of winter dysentery? what age/signalment?

A

decreased appetite, bloody diarrhea, pyrexia, reduced milk production

adult dairy cows housed together (common in winter)

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7
Q

how do you dx winter dysentery?

A

PCR of feces
Antibody ELISA available

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8
Q

how do you tx winter dysentery?

A

no specific anti-viral tx

supportive therapy as needed (fluids)
may consider antibiotics in severely affected

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9
Q

how do you manage winter dysentery?

A

often too late to stop outbreak - but it passes in a few days

significant production loss may persist

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10
Q

What are the C/S of Coccidiosis? what age?

A

usually younger cattle (2mo)
- prepatent period = 15-20 days –> so if neonate d+, then NOT coccidia

LI diarrhea, varying severity (straining, fresh blood, mucus)
poor growth rates
nervous coccidiosis –> opisthotonus, nystagmus, seizures

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11
Q

how do you dx coccidiosis?

A

detection of oocysts in feces (fecal float may help)

speciation recommended to confirm pathogenic (low numbers of pathogenic more significant than high numbers of non-pathogenic)

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12
Q

how do you tx coccidiosis?

A

primarily supportive (fluids)

therapeutic use of coccidiostats/cides may reduce shedding, but often too late once diagnosed

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13
Q

how do you manage coccidiosis?

A

low dose exposure develops immunity, high dose = dz

control by reducing exposure while maximizing immunity

coccidiostats (and some coccidiocides) –> frequently added to feed, fed for min. 28 days, delay development (not eliminate it) so dose still important

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14
Q

what are the C/S of nematodiasis? what signalment?

A

diarrhea and weight loss/poor gain
young grazing animals

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15
Q

how do you dx BVD? general

A

Antigen (virus) or antibody (immunity) tests

Antigen tests: virus isolation from blood, IHC on ear notch, Ag ELISA, PCR from pooled blood or bulk milk

antibody tests: virus neutralization, blood ELISA

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16
Q

how do you manage BVD?

A

ID herd status (screen young, bulk milk, routine tagging of calves)

if confirmed, then PI hunt
- all PIs, whether healthy or not, should be removed from the herd

if naive herd, then strict biosecurity and consider vax

following/during outbreak
- ID and remove all PIs, vax to reduce losses and PI creation, continue screening

vaccinate before first breeding

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17
Q

What is the etiology of salmonellosis in cattle?

A

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars: Typhimurium, Dublin (cow-adapted strain), Newport

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18
Q

is salmonellosis zoonotic?

A

yes! some strains are (Typhimurium, Newport)

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19
Q

how is salmonellosis transmitted?

A

fecal-oral

primarily cow to cow (carrier state possible)
transition/fresh cows most at risk (immunosuppression)
birds, rodents, and bought in feed also possible risks

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20
Q

What is the etiology of winter dysentery?

A

bovine coronavirus (BCoV)

21
Q

what is the epidemiology of winter dysentery?

A

high morbidity, low mortality
short lived dz of housed cattle (common in winter)

individuals usually recover within 24-36 hours

22
Q

how is winter dysentery transmitted?

A

fecal-oral

23
Q

what is the etiology of Coccidiosis?

A

Eimeria parasite (not all species)

Eimeria zuernii and E. bovis typically cause dz

24
Q

tell me about the life cycle of the Eimeria parasite. like where does it live mainly, how does it reproduce, how do they get out into environment?

A

live mainly in animal
asexual, then sexual repro
oocyst sporulates in warm, wet environments

25
Q

how is coccidiosis transmitted?

A

fecal-oral spread

26
Q

how long does Eimeria live in environment?

A

very persistent in environment

27
Q

what is another name for nematodiasis?

A

parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE)

28
Q

what nematodes typically cause nematodiasis in cattle?

A

Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Cooperia

29
Q

how do you manage nematodiasis?

A

manage grazing risk

30
Q

how do you tx nematodiasis?

A

anhelmintics

31
Q

compare/contrast the hx for salmonellosis (S), winter dysentery (WD), coccidiosis (C), and nematodiasis (N).

A

S: adults or young, acute or chronic, single or small groups (basically anything and anyone)

WD: adults, young (≥2mo), sudden onset, multiple animals

C: young (~2mo), poor growth, variable #s affected

N: grazing young, poor growth

32
Q

compare/contrast the C/S for salmonellosis (S), winter dysentery (WD), coccidiosis (C), and nematodiasis (N).

A

S: pyrexia, foul hemorrhagic diarrhea

WD: diarrhea + milk drop, recover in 1-2 days

C: diarrhea, straining (poor environment)

N: some diarrhea in some animals

33
Q

compare/contrast the Dx for salmonellosis (S), winter dysentery (WD), coccidiosis (C), and nematodiasis (N).

A

S: fecal culture

WD: fecal PCR for BCoV

C: fecal smear/flotation

N: fecal egg count

34
Q

What is the etiology of BVD?

A

bovine viral diarrhea virus
Pestivirus

35
Q

true or false: bovine viral diarrhea virus always causes diarrhea in bovines.

A

false. it does not always, or even commonly, cause diarrhea!

36
Q

tell me about the pathophys of BVD (both types) in calves

A

Type 1: non-cytopathic (nCP)
- immunosuppression (worsens BRD, diarrhea, etc)
- antibody prod.
- strong immunity

type 2: CP
- severe acute/per-acute infection
- severe thrombocytopenia
- high morbidity and mortality

37
Q

tell me about the pathophys of BVD (both types) in non-pregnant adult cows

A

Type 1: nCP
- mild pyrexia, transient immunosuppression
- sheds virus
- antibody prod.
- strong immunity, no further shedding

Type 2: CP
- severe acute/per-acute infection
- severe thrombocytopenia
- high morbidity and mortality

38
Q

tell me about the pathophys of BVD (both types) in bulls

A

Type 1: nCP
- mild pyrexia, transient immunosuppression
- sheds virus
- antibody prod.
- strong immunity
- virus may persist in semen

Type 2: CP
- severe acute/per-acute infection
- severe thrombocytopenia
- high morbidity and mortality

39
Q

tell me about the pathophys of BVD (both types) in pregnant cows

A

Type 1: nCP
- mild pyrexia, transient immunosuppression
- sheds virus
- antibody prod.
- strong immunity, no further shedding
- in utero calf affected

Type 2: CP
- severe acute/per-acute infection
- severe thrombocytopenia
- high morbidity and mortality

40
Q

tell me about the pathophys of BVD (both types) in in utero calves

A

Type 1 (nCP):
- early gestation (<100d): resorption, mummification, fetal loss, abortion, returns, weak calves
- mid gestation (100-150d): congenital defects
- late gestation (>150d): possible abortion or no effect
- before 125d (if survives): persistently infected (PI) calf (bc no fetal immune system, fetus thinks BVDV is self)

Type 2: CP to mother, so calf most likely aborted, more likely that mother dies

41
Q

tell me about the pathophys of BVD (both types) in PI calves

A

in utero infection before 125d (no fetal immunocompetence)

calf recognizes BVDV as self –> PI, virus in almost all tissues

lifetime shedding in high levels

no immunity/antibodies will develop

calf may be stunted, or look completely normal

42
Q

what is the primary reservoir of BVD infection?

A

PI calves!!

43
Q

older BVD PI calves may be ID’d as _____ _____. They are a source of ____ to other calves. If they reproduce, their offspring will be _____.

A

poor doers
infection
PI’s

44
Q

In a BVD PI cow, the BVDv may mutate to CP strain (or WT exposure). because they have no immunity, they will develop what disease?

A

Mucosal Disease

45
Q

if you diagnose Mucosal Disease in a herd, what does that mean?

A

the farm has to have BVD as well - you should tx BVD as well as mucosal disease

46
Q

is mucosal disease treatable?

A

nope. its severe and untreatable. the most humane thing you can do is cull animal ASAP

47
Q

tell me the C/S of mucosal disease.

A

fever, depression, mucosa disrupted (necrosis), oral lesions, nasal discharge, diarrhea

48
Q

tell me the antigen and antibody test results from these cases:
1. healthy cow (naive)
2. PI calf
3. healthy cow (previously exposed)
4. cow shedding virus

Ag, Ab

A
  1. negative, negative
  2. positive, negative
  3. negative, positive
  4. positive, positive
49
Q

what does BVD look like from a herd level?

A

losses from poor calf health and repro

BRD, diarrhea in calves

if Mucosal Disease or congenital defects from BVD, then BVD is present on the farm and has been for a while.

540 (cow class) (32 decks)

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