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540 (cow class) > Mastitis 1&2 > Flashcards

Mastitis 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

When is mastitis most likely to occur?

A

just after dry-off (involution)

just before calving (colostrogenesis)

basically, within the first 90 days after calving

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2
Q

why is mastitis risk increased just after dry off?

A
  • increase of P bc milk secretion continues (slowly) for first few days
  • autophagocytosis of secretory epithelium impacts blood-milk barrier
  • changing in conc of serum and milk components (increase in albumin and immunoglobulins)
  • increase in lactoferrin, which is bacteriostatic and immunomodulating
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3
Q

why is mastitis risk increased just before calving?

A
  • active cell differentiation
  • increase P from milk
  • decrease of lactoferrin and lymphocytes
  • colostrum components impair phagocyte activity
  • dry cow therapies not at MIC at this time
  • immune suppression
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4
Q

why does mastitis occur?

A
  • failure of host immunity
  • overwhelming exposure (at teat end)
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5
Q

what is the innate immunity of the mammary gland like?

A

teat sphincter, keratin lining + plug, WBCs, natural killer cells, soluble factors

not augmented by repeated exposure

non-specific, present always, activated quickly

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6
Q

what is the cell population of the mammary gland like normally? what is it like during infection?

A

normal: <105 cells/mL, mostly macrophages

infection: >106 cells/mL, mostly neutrophils

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7
Q

what impairs innate immunity of the mammary gland?

A
  • damage to teat end –> immune suppression
  • teat conformation
  • “the black spot”
  • BHV4
  • pseudo cowpox
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8
Q

why does teat end damage impair innate immunity?

A

leads to teat end hyperkeratosis, which predisposed to bac t colonization

caused by over milking (and other milking mgmt factors)

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9
Q

tell me about teat conformation scoring

A

1-4, with 3 and 4 being the worst

ideal: <5% score 4, <15% score 3

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10
Q

what is “the black spot”?

A

necrotic area at teat orifice that has a secondary infection (usually S. aureus)

primarily caused by poor milking conditions (typically several in herd affected)

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11
Q

why does BHV4 impair innate immunity?

A

bovine herpes virus 4 = bovine herpes mammilitis

vesicles –> ulceration –> thick dark red scab + painful swelling

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12
Q

what should you do if you have BHV4 in your herd?

A

milk affected cows last, disinfect clusters

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13
Q

what part of the milking machine matters the most? why?

A

teat-end vacuum

must be within a narrow range, must be stable, not above 12.5mmHg for more than 30 seconds, pulsation rate/ratio must be appropriate

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14
Q

why are pre and post milking teat disinfections important?

A

major control point for prevention of new infections

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15
Q

what are the broad steps of milking?

A
  1. fore stripping
  2. prep (pre-dip, wiping), and milk let down
  3. attach milking unit —> milk
  4. detach
  5. post-dip
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16
Q

what is the most meaningful way to provide stimulation of milk let down? why else is it important?

A

fore stripping

also allows observation of milk and udder

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17
Q

what is bimodal let down and why does it happen?

A

not fore stripping and applying milking cluster to teats before she’s ready, results in release of cisternal milk only, then a pause, then oxytocin comes in and milk comes back

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18
Q

why is bimodal let down bad?

A

exposure to teat end to high vacuum levels (discomfort, teat end hyperkeratosis), less milk total

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19
Q

what is the single most important step of the milking routine to prevent new intramammary infections?

A

post dipping

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20
Q

does post dip get wiped off? what about pre dip?

A

post: no
pre: yes

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21
Q

what are the contagious mastitis pathogens?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus agalactiae

Mycoplasma bovis

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22
Q

staphylococcus aureus mastitis:
1. what does infection look like?
2. how to treat?

A
  1. mostly subclinical, can be clinical, cyclical cycles, invasive of deeper tissues, likely to form abscesses
  2. extended therapy intramammary Abx (most effective in dry period)
23
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis:
1. what does infection look like?
2. how to treat?

A
  1. more uncommon, but outbreaks can be like wildfire
  2. short term intrammaary Abx
24
Q

Mycoplasma bovis mastitis:
1. what does infection look like?
2. how to treat?

A
  1. clinical, multiple quarters, often w/ septic arthritis and pneumonia (hematogenous)
  2. strict biosecurity! non-responsive to Abx
25
Q

what are the environmental mastitis pathogens?

A

E. coli

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Streptococcus uberis

Prototheca

26
Q

what are the opportunist mastitis pathogens?

A

Non-aureus staphylococcus

27
Q

E. coli mastitis:
1. what does infection look like?
2. how to treat?

A
  1. acute (endotoxin), septicemia/bacteremia/systemic signs, large swollen quarter w/ watery milk, often by the time they become sick the infection is cleared from udder but they’re still sick systemically
  2. systemic tx –> Abx, NSAIDs, fluids
28
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae mastitis:
1. what does infection look like?
2. how to treat?

A
  1. acute, systemic but not as severe as E. coli (1/3 mild, 1/3 mod, 1/3 severe systemic)
  2. systemic tx –> Abx, NSAIDs, fluids
29
Q

Streptococcus uberis mastitis:
1. what does infection look like?
2. how to treat?

A
  1. mod clinical, 4-6 weeks, invade deeper into tissue
  2. intrammamary abx, extended duration
30
Q

Non-aureus Staphylococcus mastitis
1. what does infection look like?
2. how to treat?

A
  1. mild clinical or subclinical only, seen in heifers esp!, superficial mucosa
  2. self-cure or short duration intramammary Abx
31
Q

tell me about bedding and how it impacts mastitis

A

dry + inorganic = low bac t counts

fresh + clean no matter what type = low bac t counts

best to worst bedding: new sand, organics (straw, shavings), recycled manure solids

used bedding high in E. coli and Klebsiella

32
Q

tell me about udder hygiene scoring

A

1-4, scores of 3 and 4 more likely to have infection

33
Q

what is linear score and how does it relate to somatic cell count?

A

LS: measure milk prod losses from subclinical mastitis

as SCC goes up, LS goes up (more losses)

34
Q

what are the 2 main testing methods for mastitis pathogen ID?

A

milk culture = gold standard
PCR

35
Q

if bac t grow on a staph-specific plate, what could we use to determine type of staph?

A

coagulase test –> positive = S. aureus

staph chromogenes –> positive = S. aureus

36
Q

gram _____ grows on blood agar and MacConkey agar

A

blood: + and -
McConkey: -

37
Q

what is the 1/3, 1/3, 1/3 rule in AB?

A

1/3 no bac t growth
1/3 no tx
1/3 tx

38
Q

should you send for culture before starting Abx? why or why not?

A

yes, for non-severe cases. it reduces the use of IMM Abx for clinical mastitis

for non-severe cases, there is no difference in clinical outcome waiting up to 24hours

use meloxicam at time of onset before results come back

39
Q

composite samples increase/decrease/have no effect on getting back contaminated samples

A

increase

40
Q

what is the preferred route of Abx admin for mastitis?

A

intramammary

good evidence against gram +, not so much for gram -

41
Q

bac t that have deeper tissue invasion require what type of Abx?

A

longer duration (5-8 days)

42
Q

what are your Abx options for treating mastitis in lactating cows? what do these Abx treat? why are these not super good?

A
  • cephapirin (Cefa-lak) –> S. agalactiae, S. aureus
  • Ceftiofur (Spectramast) –> E. coli, S. dysgalactiae, NAS

Cephapirin is Category 2 and Ceftiofur is Category 1

43
Q

Make sure to help control pain while treating mastitis and to make the cows comfortable!!!

A
44
Q

intra-mammary medications work better in ____ mammary glands.

A

involuted/dry

45
Q

what is the largest use of prophylactic Abx in dairy industry? do we like this or not?

A

Blanket dry cow therapy = every dry cow gets IMM Abx

extremely effective!

46
Q

the Abx for IMM abx for dry cows are the same as lactating cows, except what?

A

they use 2-3x the drug concentration

47
Q

what are teat sealants and when are they used?

A

forms physical barrier in teat canal, should be applied whether dry cow therapy is used or not

48
Q

is there an E. coli vaccine? does Betty Jo like it?

A

yes and yes

(don’t admin more than two bacterin vaccines at a time)

49
Q

what grouping of beef cows is most at risk for mastitis?

A

olders cows with poor udder conformation

50
Q

how do you tx mastitis in beef cows?

A

mostly gram +, so IMM abx

51
Q

what types of teat lacerations are heal the best?

A

longitudinal (vs horizontal)
base of teat (vs apex)

52
Q

how do you treat a teat laceration that does not have to be amputated?

A
  • restraint!
  • ring block at base of teat with lidocaine WITHOUT epinephrine (bc causes vasoconstriction)
  • wound mgmt (clean, lavage, etc)
  • suture closed in 3 layers (submucosa, intermediate layer, skin) with 4-0 or 3-0, interrupted suture
53
Q

when can you suture a teat laceration closed?

what do you do if you can’t suture closed?

A

<12 hours old, longitudinal, teat canal intact, base of teat

teat amputation

54
Q

how do you perform a teat amputation?

A
  • drain of all milk
  • infuse IMM Abx
  • ring block
  • place clamp at base of teat
  • cut that thang off
  • appose submucosa and intermediate layers w/ 1 non-perforating continuous horizontal mattress (4-0 monofilament)
  • close skin with interrupted sutures, 3-0 or 4-0 monofilament reverse cutting

540 (cow class) (32 decks)

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