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540 (cow class) > Clostridia & Anthrax & Toxins > Flashcards

Clostridia & Anthrax & Toxins Flashcards

1
Q

clostridia are what type of bac t ?

A

gram + rods, anaerobic
form spores

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1
Q

what should be considered as a ddx for all cases of sudden death?

A

Clostridial disease

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2
Q

true or false: clostridia can be transmitted between animals

A

false.

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3
Q

what is the cause of clinical disease of clostridiosis?

A

exotoxins

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4
Q

what are the clostridiosis risk factors?

A
  • age: young>adult, FTPI
  • species (horses = tetanus) (C. perfringens type D lambs > calves)
  • beef > dairy
  • injuries (esp umbilical cord or castration)
  • environment (soil disturbance)
  • nutrition (sudden diet change)

the dead calves are the heavier calves!! the healthy ones in good BCS die bc they’re eating more

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5
Q

how do you diagnose clostridiosis?

A

necropsy ;)

culture (FAT & PCR), ELISA (exotoxin ID)

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6
Q

are there clostridial vaccines?

A

yes. most are killed bacterin, require booster annually

anaphylaxis = risk factor

make sure tetanus is in there!

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7
Q

what are the neurotoxic clostridia?

A

C. tetani, C. botulinum

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8
Q

what are the histotoxic clostridia?

A

C. septicum, C. chauvoei, C. haemolyticum/C. novyi type D, C. novyi, C. sodellii, C. perfringens

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9
Q

what are the enterotoxin clostridia?

A

C. perfringens, C. sodellii, C. piliforme, C. difficile

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10
Q

who is affected by C. tetani, what predisposing factors is it associated with, and what does it do to the body?

A

who: all species, not birds
predisposing factors: wounds
what: spastic paralysis due to tetanospasm (inhibits inhibitors)

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11
Q

what are the C/S of tetanus?

A

pyrexia, sweating, opisthotonus, convulsions, muscular stiffness, muscle tremor, ataxia, prolapse of 3rd eyelid, ears erect and tail head out, limbs become rigid

bloat is a common early sign

progresses to recumbency prior to death

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12
Q

what is the tx for tetanus?

A
  • antitoxin available
  • penicillin + NSAID + sedatives (acepromazine)
  • keep animals in dark, bedded sheds
  • but, generally euthanize
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13
Q

what does C. botulinum do to the body and what predisposing factor is it associated with?

A

what: flaccid paralysis (inhibit Ach release)
PF: eating toxin from decaying matter

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14
Q

what are the C/S of botulism?

A

sudden death, progressive muscle weakness, reduced muscle tone, difficulty swallowing, tongue paralysis, resp failure due to diaphragm paralysis = death

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15
Q

how do you dx tetanus?

A

C/S, hx
no pathognomonic lesions

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16
Q

how do you dx botulism

A

C/S, hx
no pathognomonic lesions

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17
Q

how do you tx botulism?

A

usually euthanize

but there is an antitoxin + supportive therapy option

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18
Q

what disease does C. chauvoei cause?

A

Blackleg (clostridial myositis)

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19
Q

what are the predisposing factors for blackleg?

A
  • 2-24mo, warm season
  • damage to muscles

(ingest spores, GIT–>muscle, lay dormant, trauma = low O2, replication, Toxin A production)

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20
Q

what are the C/S of blackleg?

A

sudden death
pyrexia, severe lameness, edema, crepitus (emphysema)

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21
Q

clostridial diseases cause ___ decomposition of the carcass.

A

rapid!

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22
Q

how do you dx black leg? what are you looking for?

A

necropsy!!!

black rancid gas filled muscle
(limbs, heart, tongue, diaphragm, longissimus)

culture & FAT to confirm

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23
Q

how do you tx black leg

A

penicillin and fasciotomy
herd tx and vaccination at same time
avoid injuries while handling

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24
what disease does C. septicum cause?
malignant edema/gas gangrene "big head" in bighorn sheep
25
what predisposing factor is associated with malignant edema?
damage to muscles
26
what are the C/S of malignant oedema?
localized swelling around injury --> oedematous and emphysematous wound pyrexia and rapidly toxemic
27
how do you dx malignant edema?
necropsy! gram stain, PCR, FAT
28
what are you looking for on necropsy with malignant edema?
cellulitis and/or necrotizing myositis gas gangrene, edema, hemorrhage present, cellulitis
29
how do you treat malignant edema?
Abx, fasciotomy
30
what disease does C. novyi type B cause?
Black disease (infectious necrotising hepatitis)
31
what predisposing factor is associated with black disease (infectious necrotising hepatitis)?
damage to liver by migrating fluke
32
what are the C/S of black disease?
sudden death
33
you have a cow with black disease in for necropsy. what do you expect to find?
increase in serous or blood-tinged fluid in body cavities, hepatic lesions (pale yellow to white irregular necrotic areas surrounded by dark red to black hyperaemia) evidence of fluke migration
34
what disease does C. haemolyticum cause?
bacillary hemoglobinuria (red water)
35
what predisposing factor is bacillary hemoglobinuria assoc with
liver fluke migration summer and autumn
36
what are the C/S of bacillary hemoglobinuria
anemia, hemoglobinuria, arched back, recumbency, resp distress, death
37
what is the primary lesion on necropsy for bacillary hemoglobinuria?
hepatic necrosis (red/brown liver) icteric carcass
38
what type of hemolysis does bacillary hemoglobinuria cause?
intravascular hemolysis
39
what disease does C. perfringens type A cause?
hemorrhagic enteritis
40
what predisposing factors are there for hemorrhagic enteritis?
young animals, sudden diet change (high starch)
41
what are the C/S of hemorrhagic enteritis?
abdominal distension, colic, diarrhea, depression, anorexia, sudden death
42
true or false: C perfringens is a commensal in the GIT of cattle
true
43
what are you looking for in necropsy for hemorrhagic enteritis
... hemorrhagic enteriris lol enteritis, abomasitis, hemorrhage, mucusal ulceration
44
how do you tx hemorrhagic enteritis?
penicillin and supportive care early dx is key!!!!
45
what disease does C. perfringens type D cause?
overeating disease or pulpy kidney
46
what predisposing factors are assoc with C. perfringens type D
young animals, overeating, diet change (high grain rations, high protein + starch diets), stress
47
what are the C/S of pulpy kidney?
sudden death in rapidly growing well-fed calves if found alive, then dead within 5 hours due to necrohemorrhagic enteritis, may show CNS signs and depression
48
how do you dx pulpy kidney?
necropsy, ELISA, histo
49
how do you prevent pulpy kidney?
vax, diet mgmt
50
what are you looking for on necropsy for pulpy kidney?
necrohemorrhagic enteritis, excessive pericardial fluid + glucosuria, friable "pulpy" kidneys, encephalomalacia, cerebral vermix herniation, pulmonary edema
51
true or false: anthrax is a reportable disease
true ya bishhhhh
52
what is the bacteria that causes anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis
53
true or false: if you suspect anthrax, you should cut open the animal so that the birds can have something to eat while you wait on diagnostics :)
no dont do that :) don't open the carcass :) bird will die :(
54
who is most at risk for anthrax?
herbivores! cattle!
55
when should you suspect anthrax in an animal
animal found dead with... - non-clotting blood or blood-tinged secretion from all natural orifces - animal bloat fast after death - no rigor mortis
56
where is anthrax endemic that's close to home:(
Wood Buffalo National Park
57
if you do open an animal with anthrax, what do you expect to find?
swollen spleen and serosanguinous fluid in all body cavities
58
what should you do if you suspect anthrax in a dead animal?
- DO NOT OPEN CARCASS! - nick ear or remove and bag --> bring to lab - sample blood, microscopic exam, look for "trains" of organisms, SNAP test available
59
what do anthrax little guys look under da microscope?
rod bac t surrounded by capsule visible in blood smears
60
is there zoonotic risk with anthrax?
only from spores, not from animal to animal
61
when should you suspect Toxicosis?
- acute illness in a group of animals - simultaneous appearance of signs - similar signs and of similar seveity - signs appear after a shared event - incidents assoc w environment, diet, water
62
what organs are most commonly affected by poisons?
liver, kidney, brain
63
what is the antidote for lead toxicosis?
Ca-EDTA + thiamine
64
what is the antidote for nitrate toxicosis?
methylene blue
65
what is the antidote for organophosphate toxicosis?
atropine
66
what is the antidote for cyanide toxicosis?
sodium thiosulfate
67
why does lead be poisoning da cows?
decrease heme synthesis, interfere with GABA transmission, Ca absorption, Na/K ATPase pumps --> alters nerve and muscle transmission
68
what are the C/S of lead toxicosis?
GIT and neuro signs basically - ataxia, blindness, salivation, wandering, bruxism, muscle tremors, seizures
69
what happens if you have a subclincla lead toxicosis cow?
absorb lead into bone --> uh oh! lead in da calf's milk!!! oh no!!!
70
how do you dx lead toxicosis?
whole blood, liver/kidney/brain, feed or suspected source
71
how to you tx lead toxicosis?
thiamine + Ca-EDTA rumentotomy to remove lead source
72
copper tox is more common in what species?
sheep
73
what are the C/S of copper toxicosis?
acute: gastroenteritis with colic, d+, dehydration --> dead within 3 days (not as common) chronic: weak, depressed, poor appetite, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, icterus (more common (high liver Cu)
74
how do you dx Cu tox?
chem liver profile, Cu analysis (liver and kidney), feed analysis
75
what are the C/S of selenium toxicosis?
acute: sudden death, weak with rapid progression to cardiogenic shock, abd. pain, low RR, low HR, pulmonary edema, garlic odour on breath chronic: hair and hoof abnormalities
76
what causes acute and chronic selenium toxicosis? what is the max limit of selenium?
acute: iatrogenic chronic: plants (locoweed), supplements 5mcg/g
77
how do you dx selenium tox?
blood and hair Se kidney and live
78
how do you treat selenium toxicosis?
remove exposure, low Se diet, hoof care
79
nitrate toxicosis comes from where? when?
plants or water common in spring
80
what is the mechanism of nitrate toxicosis?
nitrate --> goes to nitrite in rumen --> blood --> oxidizes Fe --> methmeglobin --> cannot bind O2 --> anoxia
81
what are the C/S of nitrate tox?
acute death, ataxia + tremors, excessive salivation, d+, cyanotic mm, resp distress, brown color to tissues and blood
82
how do you dx nitrate tox?
frozen ocular fluid, whole blood
83
how do you tx nitrate tox?
methylene blue 1%
84
what is the mechanism for Urea/NPN toxicosis?
urea + urease (rumen) --> ammonia --> increase rumen pH --> blood --> liver --> brain --> neuro signs
85
what are the C/S for urea/NPN toxicosis?
acute death, ataxia, incoordination, PU, salivation, seizures, bloat
86
how do you dx urea tox/
frozen ocular fluid, food/water samples
87
how do you tx urea tox?
triage animals (if they pee and poo, better px) decrease ammonia formation
88
what are the ionophores that we should prolly know?
monensin and lasalocid
89
what is the mechanism behind ionophore toxicosis?
increase Na + Ca intracellular influx --> Ca enzyme activation + lipid perox (membrane damage) --> muscle necrosis
90
what are the C/S of ionophore tox?
anorexia, loose stool, weakness, depression, dyspnea, **extreme exercise intolerance**, SQ edema, pica, jugular pulse, muscle damage, hydrothorax/ascities, pulmonary/hepatic congestion
91
how do you tx ionophore tox
none :( you can remove feed, but cardiac damage chronic
92
what is the mechanism behind Na toxicosis /water deprivation
no H2O --> neutron increase Na --> Na/K pump impairment // access to H2O --> increase intracellular water --> CNS edema
93
what are the C/S of Na tox / water deprivation/
centrally unaware, opisthotonus, CNS signs similar to Pb anorexia, D+, abnormal gait
94
how do you dx Na tox/ water deprivation
brain (fresh and fixed), sample ater
95
how do you tx Na tox/water deprivation?
give water but just a lil bit :)
96
how do organophosphates cause disease?
AchE inhibitors
97
what are the C/S of organophosphates?
muscarinic (DUMBBELLS --> salivation, urination, defecation, colic) nicotinic (tachycardia, weakness, tremors, muscle twitching, hypertension, paralysis)
98
how do you dx organophosphate tox?
blood + brain (looking for lower AchE activity)
99
how to you tx organophosphate tox?
if you catch it early, give atropine

540 (cow class) (32 decks)

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