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540 (cow class) > Head & Integument > Flashcards

Head & Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 species cause ringworm/dermatophytosis in cattle?

A

Trichophyton verrucosum
Trichophyton mentagrophytes

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2
Q

is ringworm zoonotic?

A

YES

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3
Q

what are the risk factors for dermatophytosis in cattle?

A

young
indoor housing
post-weaned calves

lesions more extensive if nutrition is poor - check minerals

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4
Q

is dermatophytosis contagious?

A

yes!! through indirect or direct contact
can be outbreaks

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5
Q

ringworm attacks what type of tissue?

A

keratinized tissue

stratum corneum and hair fibre

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6
Q

tell me the clinical signs of ring worm in cattle. include whether it’s pruritic or not and areas most commonly affected.

A

neck and head, sometimes perineum
NOT PRURITIC
dry, grey-white, crusty, slightly raised, roughly 2-3cm (+) circular lesions, coalescing, alopecia

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7
Q

what are the ddx’s for ringworm in cattle?

A

manges (sarcoptic, chorioptic, psoroptic)

but they are pruritic!

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8
Q

how do you diagnose ringworm?

A

skin scraping

then either fungal culture (takes long time) or KOH wet mount (spores & mycelia)

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9
Q

you diagnose a cow with ringworm. what is your treatment?

A

spontaneous recovery in 2-4 months

if show animal, then tx with topicals (iodine, copper-based), remove infected crusts before.

can use systemics, but not recommended (slow response, AMR)

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10
Q

what should you always do when handling a cow with ringworm?

A

WEAR GLOVES!!

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11
Q

how does ringworm spread?

A

direct or indirect

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12
Q

what causes warts or papillomatosis in cattle? tell me about the predilection sites.

A

bovine papillomavirus (BPV)

BPV-1: teat skin, penile fibropapilloma

BPV-2: common cutaneous fibropapilloma

BPV-4: papilloma esophagus (GIT)

BPV-5: rice grain fibropapilloma of udder

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13
Q

how is papillomatosis in cattle spread?

A

contact or fomite spread
cutaneous abrasion

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14
Q

is bovine papillomatosis zoonotic?

A

nope
species specific

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15
Q

who is most at risk for bovine papillomatosis?

A

young stock (6mo-2yrs)

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16
Q

if an older cow has bovine papillomatosis, what usually happens?

A

resistant cutaneous form
incidence of BPV 1 increases

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17
Q

what is the pathophys behind BPV causing warts?

A

virus targets basal keratinocytes
causes hyper proliferative epithelium (papilloma) & underlying dermis (fibropapilloma)

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18
Q

what are the clinical signs of bovine papillomatosis?

A

grey-white, hairless, dry, raised, pedunculated
few or large coalescing mass
can affect any epithelial surface

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19
Q

what are the ddx’s for bovine papillomatosis, if in early stages?

A

dermatophytosis, cutaneous lymphosarcoma

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20
Q

how do you diagnose bovine papillomatosis?

A

appearance is characteristic
biopsy (rarely needed) - virus ID = DNA analysis

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21
Q

how do you treat bovine papillomatosis?

A

tx is rarely required, they spontaneously regress w/ time

crush or pinch off
sx excision/cryosurgery –> for teats and penile warts
commercial/autogenous vacs (may speed regression)

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22
Q

how do you prevent bovine papillomatosis?

A

segregate affected

equipment care (disinfect, discard after use)

vaccines
- autogenous (85% regress w/i a few weeks)
- commercial (same strain as affecting animal???)
- BPV-1 = poor response to vaxx

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23
Q

what is/are the etiology(ies) for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis?

A

Moraxella bovis
Moraxella bovoculi, Moraxella ovis
Mycoplasma conjunctivae & Mycoplasma bovoculi

mycoplasma spp. seem to be major pathogens in some cases, could be regional prob, may be synergistic to M. bovis

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24
Q

who is most at risk for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK)?

A

young stock (sometimes adults)

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25
when is IBK most prevalent?
late spring, **summer**, early autumn sometimes in winter
26
what are the risk factors for contracting IBK?
contact --> bunching of cattle, perhaps hiding from flies cornea trauma --> UV exposure, dust (irritants), virus carrier contact (conjunctiva, nasal cavities, vagina)
27
what is the pathogenesis of IBK?
*M. bovis* attach to corneal epithelium (via Q or I pilli) --> cytotoxins --> corneal ulceration (edema, neovasc.)
28
there are 3 sort of "stages" of IBK progression that we should know. what are the clinical signs of the first stage?
lacrimation, blepharospasm, photophobia
29
there are 3 sort of "stages" of IBK progression that we should know. what are the clinical signs of the second stage?
corneal ulcer/edema (opacity), pain, anterior uveitis
30
there are 3 sort of "stages" of IBK progression that we should know. what are the clinical signs of the third stage?
vascularization, corneal infiltrates (WBC), necrosis, granulation, rupture?
31
what are the ddx's for the C/S of IBK? and how do you differentiate them from IBK?
traumatic conjunctivitis (foreign body, physical injury) IBR (limited to corneal edema, no other eye changes) MCF (only uveitis)
32
how do you diagnose IBK?
fluroscein stain culture - hydrate swab (sterile water), culturettes rarely done - usually diagnosed when you look at da cow
33
how do you treat IBK? when would you use each tx and which is preferred?
systemics (preferred) - safer to admin, easier if mass tx required, labeled for IBK (**oxytetracycline**) topical (not practical) subconjunctival inject. (less effective than systemics, more $$, penicillin) tarsorrhaphy = suture eye-lids (in advanced cases) enucleation (in advanced cases, risk of rupture)
34
what is the prognosis of IBK?
often self-limiting (in mild cases, there's a small corneal scar) good if tx early, less chance of a scar (full recovery may take several weeks, longer if perforated, might be blind in 1 eye) challenge is early detecting in pastured calves
35
how do you prevent IBK?
control flies, control bunching of cattle long acting insecticides (ear tags) shade, minimize corneal damage segregated affected vax (moraxella bovis) - efficacy poor autogenous vaxxs
36
what is the other name for bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma?
cancer eye
37
what is the other name for cancer eye?
bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma
38
bovine ocular squamous cell carcinomas (cancer eye) accounts for ____ of all bovine tumours.
80%
39
where does cancer eye happen in cows? (don't just say eye pls lol)
conjunctiva (corneoscleral junction, 3rd eyelid, palpebral) cornea
40
what are the risk factors for cancer eye?
- lack peri-ocular pigment (AKA white hair around eyes) - older cattle (>5yrs) - environmental (UV), pasture vs housed cattle
41
describe the 4 stages of cancer eye. which stages are pre-malignant and malignant?
1. plaque 2. keratoma 3. papilloma 4. squamous cell carcinoma stages 1-3 = pre-malignant stage 4 = malignant
42
what does stage 4 cancer eye look like grossly? (Aka c/s)
large, erosive, necrotic (foul-smelling - secondary bac t infection) invasive (entire orbit, local ST and bone) metastasis to regional LNs common late in dz (parotid and onwards)
43
what are the ddx's for cancer eye? how can you differentiate them/rule them out?
IBK (uncommon presentation, only in severe cases, eyelids remain intact, younger animals) lymphosarcoma (BLV) - exophthalmos other neoplasia (not common) trauma (only consider ddx if animal is observed from a distance)
44
how do you dx cancer eye?
biopsy - bening precursor vs malignant carcinoma rarely done! often just dx based on gross appearance
45
what are the prognoses for all stages of cancer eye pre-op?
stages 1-3: 80% spontaneous regression stage 4: malignant lesions rarely regress - metastasis risk low unless lesion on eyelids - 3rd eyelid lesions more likely (aggressive)
46
what is the post-op reoccurrence of stage 4 cancer eye?
30%
47
condemnation for cow with cancer eye: 1. early lesions - condemn what? 2. periorbit/local nodes involved - condemn what?
1. head (body usually fine) 2. whole carcass
48
in broad terms, what sx options do you have with cancer eye?
superficial keratectomy 3rd eyelid excision enucleation
49
for cancer eye enucleations, the outcome is poor if... what?
if periocular tissues are involved (reoccurs)
50
how do you prevent cancer eye?
breeding programs (select for periocular pigment, no not breed if affected) minimize risk factors (shade) detect early (sell to slaughter early?)
51
which ectoparasites are on the cow for the entire life cycle? what are they called? how are they transmitted?
lice, keds, mites called permanent ectoparasites animal to animal by direct contact/fomites
52
can permanent ectoparasites be eradicated? how?
yes close herd, treat all animals correctly at the same time, isolate and check new arrivals
53
which ectoparasites are free-living and mobile, and live a high percent of life off-host? what are they called? can they be controlled?
flies, ticks intermittent ectoparasites hard to control (must address environment - difficult at pasture)
54
compare and contrast topicals vs systemics for treating ectoparasites.
topicals - tx large #s quickly - accurate dose rate harder to know - self-application devices, spray from crop dusters = less cattle handling systemics - accurate dose rate - higher cost - more cow handling
55
how should you use ear tags with beef cattle? (application, when to take off)
apply just before fly szn starts - WEAR GLOVES! remove in fall OR when product duration exceeded
56
what is the con with ear tags for parasite management?
there is rapid development of resistant fly pops - greater risk of using same type of insecticide tag over multiple years
57
what do we have to know about paralysis ticks?
- historically more of an issue in BC - 1st year grazing cattle at greatest risk of clinical dz - older cattle may have 0 signs (maybe prior exposure?) - mortality rate may be high - practical management currently limited to pasture management
58
is mange a common problem in cattle?
nope
59
what are the risks for mange in cattle?
confined cattle compromised host (dz, nutrition, etc)
60
how do you diagnose mange?
skin scrapings
61
how do you treat mange?
topicals (may require multiple txs if short residual activity) systemics (macrocyclic lactones = avermectins, moxidectin) - 2 doses, 10-14 days apart environment (difficult) - spray all surfaces, leave empty 3+ weeks
62
what are the characteristics of mange in cattle?
group/multiple affected anatomical distribution patterns
63
what is the etiological agent behind chorioptic mange?
*Chorioptes bovis*
64
*Chorioptes bovis* survives _____ days off host
few
65
when looking at a cow with chorioptic mange, how many mites do you expect to find?
large numbers
66
what are the gross findings/clinical signs of chorioptic mange?
tail-head mange (tail, lower hindlimb, perineum) exudative dermatitis scurf, secretions (mite is surface feeder) pruritic, but not as itchy as sarcoptic (this part not in lecture lol)
67
what is the etiologic agent of sarcoptic mange?
*Sarcoptes scabeii*
68
is sarcoptic mange a problem in AB? is it reportable?
nope yes it's reportable
69
how does sarcoptic mange spread?
direct contact
70
sarcoptic mange is extremely _____. what are the consequences of this?
pruritic leads to intense irritation and inflammation --> self-trauma & weight loss
71
what is pediculosis?
lice infestation
72
lice survive ____ days off host. this means they are _____ ectoparasites.
few obligatory
73
pediculosis can be caused by ____ spp or ____ spp of lice.
chewing (biting) or sucking
74
what is the most common parasite problem of concern with beef cattle?
lice / pediculosis
75
you are visiting a beef cattle producer in the heat of the summer and he suspects the cows have lice. why is this NOT top on your list of ddx?
lice unlikely to be a problem in very hot weather
76
lice carrier animals pose a risk of herd infestation. this causes problems... when?
when grouped/housed
77
what are the clinical signs of pediculosis?
neck, tail-head mild self-trauma (alopecia) dry coat eggs may be visible
78
what is the impact of pediculosis?
reduce productivity weight loss, hide damage
79
how do you control pediculosis?
examine new animals carefully (biosecurity) winter/crowding problem -- tx in late fall to clear "source" before anticipated build up under winter management insecticide to ALL (pour-on route)
80
what are the challenges to controlling pediculosis?
finite duration of product activity vs length of winter miss an animal close contact = risk of spread some resistance appears to be developing
81
what 2 types of fly larvae damage on cattle do we have to know (+ etiologic agents). are they a problem in AB? why or why not?
1. Hypoderm (Warble fly) - not a problem in AB bc of avermectin use 2. screw-worm fly - exotic dz, never reported in Canada - not a problem in AB
82
what is the pathogenesis of hepatic photosensitization?
liver metabolites --> skin (UV exposure) --> damage to white (non-pigmented areas)

540 (cow class) (32 decks)

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