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540 (cow class) > Head & Integument > Flashcards

Head & Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 species cause ringworm/dermatophytosis in cattle?

A

Trichophyton verrucosum
Trichophyton mentagrophytes

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2
Q

is ringworm zoonotic?

A

YES

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3
Q

what are the risk factors for dermatophytosis in cattle?

A

young
indoor housing
post-weaned calves

lesions more extensive if nutrition is poor - check minerals

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4
Q

is dermatophytosis contagious?

A

yes!! through indirect or direct contact
can be outbreaks

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5
Q

ringworm attacks what type of tissue?

A

keratinized tissue

stratum corneum and hair fibre

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6
Q

tell me the clinical signs of ring worm in cattle. include whether it’s pruritic or not and areas most commonly affected.

A

neck and head, sometimes perineum
NOT PRURITIC
dry, grey-white, crusty, slightly raised, roughly 2-3cm (+) circular lesions, coalescing, alopecia

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7
Q

what are the ddx’s for ringworm in cattle?

A

manges (sarcoptic, chorioptic, psoroptic)

but they are pruritic!

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8
Q

how do you diagnose ringworm?

A

skin scraping

then either fungal culture (takes long time) or KOH wet mount (spores & mycelia)

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9
Q

you diagnose a cow with ringworm. what is your treatment?

A

spontaneous recovery in 2-4 months

if show animal, then tx with topicals (iodine, copper-based), remove infected crusts before.

can use systemics, but not recommended (slow response, AMR)

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10
Q

what should you always do when handling a cow with ringworm?

A

WEAR GLOVES!!

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11
Q

how does ringworm spread?

A

direct or indirect

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12
Q

what causes warts or papillomatosis in cattle? tell me about the predilection sites.

A

bovine papillomavirus (BPV)

BPV-1: teat skin, penile fibropapilloma

BPV-2: common cutaneous fibropapilloma

BPV-4: papilloma esophagus (GIT)

BPV-5: rice grain fibropapilloma of udder

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13
Q

how is papillomatosis in cattle spread?

A

contact or fomite spread
cutaneous abrasion

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14
Q

is bovine papillomatosis zoonotic?

A

nope
species specific

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15
Q

who is most at risk for bovine papillomatosis?

A

young stock (6mo-2yrs)

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16
Q

if an older cow has bovine papillomatosis, what usually happens?

A

resistant cutaneous form
incidence of BPV 1 increases

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17
Q

what is the pathophys behind BPV causing warts?

A

virus targets basal keratinocytes
causes hyper proliferative epithelium (papilloma) & underlying dermis (fibropapilloma)

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18
Q

what are the clinical signs of bovine papillomatosis?

A

grey-white, hairless, dry, raised, pedunculated
few or large coalescing mass
can affect any epithelial surface

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19
Q

what are the ddx’s for bovine papillomatosis, if in early stages?

A

dermatophytosis, cutaneous lymphosarcoma

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20
Q

how do you diagnose bovine papillomatosis?

A

appearance is characteristic
biopsy (rarely needed) - virus ID = DNA analysis

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21
Q

how do you treat bovine papillomatosis?

A

tx is rarely required, they spontaneously regress w/ time

crush or pinch off
sx excision/cryosurgery –> for teats and penile warts
commercial/autogenous vacs (may speed regression)

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22
Q

how do you prevent bovine papillomatosis?

A

segregate affected

equipment care (disinfect, discard after use)

vaccines
- autogenous (85% regress w/i a few weeks)
- commercial (same strain as affecting animal???)
- BPV-1 = poor response to vaxx

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23
Q

what is/are the etiology(ies) for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis?

A

Moraxella bovis
Moraxella bovoculi, Moraxella ovis
Mycoplasma conjunctivae & Mycoplasma bovoculi

mycoplasma spp. seem to be major pathogens in some cases, could be regional prob, may be synergistic to M. bovis

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24
Q

who is most at risk for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK)?

A

young stock (sometimes adults)

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25
Q

when is IBK most prevalent?

A

late spring, summer, early autumn

sometimes in winter

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26
Q

what are the risk factors for contracting IBK?

A

contact –> bunching of cattle, perhaps hiding from flies

cornea trauma –> UV exposure, dust (irritants), virus

carrier contact (conjunctiva, nasal cavities, vagina)

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27
Q

what is the pathogenesis of IBK?

A

M. bovis attach to corneal epithelium (via Q or I pilli) –> cytotoxins –> corneal ulceration (edema, neovasc.)

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28
Q

there are 3 sort of “stages” of IBK progression that we should know. what are the clinical signs of the first stage?

A

lacrimation, blepharospasm, photophobia

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29
Q

there are 3 sort of “stages” of IBK progression that we should know. what are the clinical signs of the second stage?

A

corneal ulcer/edema (opacity), pain, anterior uveitis

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30
Q

there are 3 sort of “stages” of IBK progression that we should know. what are the clinical signs of the third stage?

A

vascularization, corneal infiltrates (WBC), necrosis, granulation, rupture?

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31
Q

what are the ddx’s for the C/S of IBK? and how do you differentiate them from IBK?

A

traumatic conjunctivitis (foreign body, physical injury)

IBR (limited to corneal edema, no other eye changes)

MCF (only uveitis)

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32
Q

how do you diagnose IBK?

A

fluroscein stain
culture - hydrate swab (sterile water), culturettes

rarely done - usually diagnosed when you look at da cow

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33
Q

how do you treat IBK? when would you use each tx and which is preferred?

A

systemics (preferred)
- safer to admin, easier if mass tx required, labeled for IBK (oxytetracycline)

topical (not practical)
subconjunctival inject. (less effective than systemics, more $$, penicillin)

tarsorrhaphy = suture eye-lids (in advanced cases)

enucleation (in advanced cases, risk of rupture)

34
Q

what is the prognosis of IBK?

A

often self-limiting (in mild cases, there’s a small corneal scar)

good if tx early, less chance of a scar (full recovery may take several weeks, longer if perforated, might be blind in 1 eye)

challenge is early detecting in pastured calves

35
Q

how do you prevent IBK?

A

control flies, control bunching of cattle

long acting insecticides (ear tags)
shade, minimize corneal damage

segregated affected
vax (moraxella bovis) - efficacy poor
autogenous vaxxs

36
Q

what is the other name for bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma?

A

cancer eye

37
Q

what is the other name for cancer eye?

A

bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma

38
Q

bovine ocular squamous cell carcinomas (cancer eye) accounts for ____ of all bovine tumours.

A

80%

39
Q

where does cancer eye happen in cows? (don’t just say eye pls lol)

A

conjunctiva (corneoscleral junction, 3rd eyelid, palpebral)

cornea

40
Q

what are the risk factors for cancer eye?

A
  • lack peri-ocular pigment (AKA white hair around eyes)
  • older cattle (>5yrs)
  • environmental (UV), pasture vs housed cattle
41
Q

describe the 4 stages of cancer eye.
which stages are pre-malignant and malignant?

A
  1. plaque
  2. keratoma
  3. papilloma
  4. squamous cell carcinoma

stages 1-3 = pre-malignant
stage 4 = malignant

42
Q

what does stage 4 cancer eye look like grossly? (Aka c/s)

A

large, erosive, necrotic (foul-smelling - secondary bac t infection)
invasive (entire orbit, local ST and bone)

metastasis to regional LNs common late in dz (parotid and onwards)

43
Q

what are the ddx’s for cancer eye? how can you differentiate them/rule them out?

A

IBK (uncommon presentation, only in severe cases, eyelids remain intact, younger animals)

lymphosarcoma (BLV) - exophthalmos

other neoplasia (not common)

trauma (only consider ddx if animal is observed from a distance)

44
Q

how do you dx cancer eye?

A

biopsy - bening precursor vs malignant carcinoma

rarely done! often just dx based on gross appearance

45
Q

what are the prognoses for all stages of cancer eye pre-op?

A

stages 1-3: 80% spontaneous regression

stage 4: malignant lesions rarely regress
- metastasis risk low unless lesion on eyelids
- 3rd eyelid lesions more likely (aggressive)

46
Q

what is the post-op reoccurrence of stage 4 cancer eye?

A

30%

47
Q

condemnation for cow with cancer eye:
1. early lesions - condemn what?
2. periorbit/local nodes involved - condemn what?

A
  1. head (body usually fine)
  2. whole carcass
48
Q

in broad terms, what sx options do you have with cancer eye?

A

superficial keratectomy
3rd eyelid excision
enucleation

49
Q

for cancer eye enucleations, the outcome is poor if… what?

A

if periocular tissues are involved (reoccurs)

50
Q

how do you prevent cancer eye?

A

breeding programs (select for periocular pigment, no not breed if affected)

minimize risk factors (shade)

detect early
(sell to slaughter early?)

51
Q

which ectoparasites are on the cow for the entire life cycle? what are they called? how are they transmitted?

A

lice, keds, mites

called permanent ectoparasites

animal to animal by direct contact/fomites

52
Q

can permanent ectoparasites be eradicated? how?

A

yes

close herd, treat all animals correctly at the same time, isolate and check new arrivals

53
Q

which ectoparasites are free-living and mobile, and live a high percent of life off-host? what are they called? can they be controlled?

A

flies, ticks

intermittent ectoparasites

hard to control (must address environment - difficult at pasture)

54
Q

compare and contrast topicals vs systemics for treating ectoparasites.

A

topicals
- tx large #s quickly
- accurate dose rate harder to know
- self-application devices, spray from crop dusters = less cattle handling

systemics
- accurate dose rate
- higher cost
- more cow handling

55
Q

how should you use ear tags with beef cattle? (application, when to take off)

A

apply just before fly szn starts - WEAR GLOVES!

remove in fall OR when product duration exceeded

56
Q

what is the con with ear tags for parasite management?

A

there is rapid development of resistant fly pops - greater risk of using same type of insecticide tag over multiple years

57
Q

what do we have to know about paralysis ticks?

A
  • historically more of an issue in BC
  • 1st year grazing cattle at greatest risk of clinical dz
  • older cattle may have 0 signs (maybe prior exposure?)
  • mortality rate may be high
  • practical management currently limited to pasture management
58
Q

is mange a common problem in cattle?

A

nope

59
Q

what are the risks for mange in cattle?

A

confined cattle
compromised host (dz, nutrition, etc)

60
Q

how do you diagnose mange?

A

skin scrapings

61
Q

how do you treat mange?

A

topicals (may require multiple txs if short residual activity)

systemics (macrocyclic lactones = avermectins, moxidectin) - 2 doses, 10-14 days apart

environment (difficult) - spray all surfaces, leave empty 3+ weeks

62
Q

what are the characteristics of mange in cattle?

A

group/multiple affected
anatomical distribution patterns

63
Q

what is the etiological agent behind chorioptic mange?

A

Chorioptes bovis

64
Q

Chorioptes bovis survives _____ days off host

A

few

65
Q

when looking at a cow with chorioptic mange, how many mites do you expect to find?

A

large numbers

66
Q

what are the gross findings/clinical signs of chorioptic mange?

A

tail-head mange (tail, lower hindlimb, perineum)

exudative dermatitis

scurf, secretions (mite is surface feeder)

pruritic, but not as itchy as sarcoptic (this part not in lecture lol)

67
Q

what is the etiologic agent of sarcoptic mange?

A

Sarcoptes scabeii

68
Q

is sarcoptic mange a problem in AB? is it reportable?

A

nope
yes it’s reportable

69
Q

how does sarcoptic mange spread?

A

direct contact

70
Q

sarcoptic mange is extremely _____. what are the consequences of this?

A

pruritic

leads to intense irritation and inflammation –> self-trauma & weight loss

71
Q

what is pediculosis?

A

lice infestation

72
Q

lice survive ____ days off host. this means they are _____ ectoparasites.

A

few
obligatory

73
Q

pediculosis can be caused by ____ spp or ____ spp of lice.

A

chewing (biting) or sucking

74
Q

what is the most common parasite problem of concern with beef cattle?

A

lice / pediculosis

75
Q

you are visiting a beef cattle producer in the heat of the summer and he suspects the cows have lice. why is this NOT top on your list of ddx?

A

lice unlikely to be a problem in very hot weather

76
Q

lice carrier animals pose a risk of herd infestation. this causes problems… when?

A

when grouped/housed

77
Q

what are the clinical signs of pediculosis?

A

neck, tail-head
mild self-trauma (alopecia)
dry coat
eggs may be visible

78
Q

what is the impact of pediculosis?

A

reduce productivity

weight loss, hide damage

79
Q

how do you control pediculosis?

A

examine new animals carefully (biosecurity)

winter/crowding problem – tx in late fall to clear “source” before anticipated build up under winter management

insecticide to ALL (pour-on route)

80
Q

what are the challenges to controlling pediculosis?

A

finite duration of product activity vs length of winter

miss an animal

close contact = risk of spread

some resistance appears to be developing

81
Q

what 2 types of fly larvae damage on cattle do we have to know (+ etiologic agents). are they a problem in AB? why or why not?

A
  1. Hypoderm (Warble fly)
    - not a problem in AB bc of avermectin use
  2. screw-worm fly
    - exotic dz, never reported in Canada - not a problem in AB
82
Q

what is the pathogenesis of hepatic photosensitization?

A

liver metabolites –> skin (UV exposure) –> damage to white (non-pigmented areas)

540 (cow class) (32 decks)

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