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540 (cow class) > Forestomach > Flashcards

Forestomach Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathophysiology of acute ruminal tympany?

A

ruminants constantly produce methane gas, and normally they can cope with this by burping it out.

failure of eructation –> rapid gas accumulation in rumen –> rumen expands –> caudal vena cava and diaphragm compressed –> Cardio-resp collapse if untreated

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2
Q

How do you diagnose acute ruminal tympany?

A
  1. see gas distention in dorsal L of cow (when looking from back), can hear tympany when auscultating
  2. pass stomach tube:
    a. if not relieved, then frothy bloat
    b. if relieved, then free gas bloat
  3. if relieved by passing stomach tube:
    a. if tube goes down easily, then functional bloat
    b. if tube doesn’t go down easily, then obstructive
    c. if cow is upside down or lateral for a long time, then that’s the cause of the bloat
  4. if obstructive, look at PE/hx: differentiate b/t intraluminal/choke and extraluminal
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3
Q

How do you treat primary acute ruminal tympany?

A

admin anti-foaming agent (poloxalene, mineral or veggie oil)

remove from feed and monitor rest of group

review nutrition if multiple cases

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4
Q

What are the types of vagal indigestion? briefly explain them and tell me what part of the forestomach is mainly affected.

A

Type I: failure of eructation (reticulo-rumen)
Type II: omasal transport failure (omasum)
Type III: abomasal outflow failure (abomasum)
Type IV: generalized ileus/partial obstruction of late pregnancy (bc of systemic dz or very large calf)

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5
Q

What is the pathophysiology of acute ruminal acidosis?

A

ingesta contains carbs. normally, rumen microbes break these down into VFAs, which are absorbed across rumen wall. buffering capacity of rumen maintains pH

if ingesta contains excessive rapidly fermentable carbs (starch), then VFAs are rapidly made. the buffering capacity of rumen is exceeded (cannot control pH), and VFAs are incompletely absorbed across rumen wall. the rapid drop in rumen pH disrupts rumen flora, which causes proliferation of lactic acid-producing bac t (which then causes more of a drop in pH, a vicious cycle)

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6
Q

what is the dx of acute ruminal acidosis?

A

C/S, hx

idk it wasn’t in the slides

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7
Q

what is the tx of acute ruminal acidosis?

A

Antacids/buffers (oral bicarb)

fluids (IV better than oral)

rumen lavage and trans-faunation

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8
Q

What are the possible causes of sub-acute ruminal acidosis? (SARA)

A

high starch diet
infrequent concentrate feeding (ex. in parlour)
poor feed access (and compensatory feeding)
sorting of ration

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9
Q

what are the herd level signs of sub-acute ruminal acidosis? (SARA)

A
  • variable feed intakes
  • variable fecal consistency
  • reduced rumination
  • undigested grain in feces
  • thin cows
  • liver abscesses
  • low/reduced butterfat
  • sorting of ration
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10
Q

true or false: acute ruminal tympany is not an emergency.

A

false. it is an emergency! cows will die w/I hours of it occurring

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11
Q

what is another name for acute ruminal tympany?

A

bloat

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12
Q

what are the 2 types of acute ruminal tympany and what do they mean?

A

frothy bloat (primary ruminal tympany) –> gas bubble form a stable foam and cow isn’t able to burp it up

free gas bloat (secondary ruminanal tympany) –> gas is free in rumen

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13
Q

a producer calls you and says he has a cow that has a large abdominal swelling on her left side that has come up in the last couple of hours. What is top on your ddx? when you get there, what will you do?

A

acute ruminal tympany

pass a stomach tube

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14
Q

you have a cow with acute ruminal tympany. you pass a stomach tube and gas does not come up. what type of acute ruminal tympani does the cow have?

A

primary (frothy bloat)

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15
Q

you have a cow with acute ruminal tympany. you pass a stomach tube and gas comes up. what type of acute ruminal tympani does the cow have?

A

secondary (free gas bloat)

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16
Q

what are the 3 types of free gas bloat and what do they mean? what happens when you pass a stomach tube down with each of these cases?

A
  1. functional–> something physiologically isn’t allowing cow to burp. stomach tube goes down easily and gas comes up.
  2. obstructive –> something is physically stopping burping. stomach tube doesn’t go down easily, and gas comes up. (something is in the way)
  3. upside down –> cow is upside down or lateral or a long period of time and gas settles at bottom of rumen. stomach tube goes down easily and gas comes up.
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17
Q

how do you treat secondary acute ruminal tympany?

A

relieved by passing stomach tube (or occasional heroic retrieval of FB lol)

monitor closely for recurrence

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18
Q

how do you treat persistent bloat?

A

either happens because it’s recurrent or you’re not able to pass stomach tube

place ruminal trochar or perform rumentotomy

investigate and tx possible underlying causes

19
Q

rumen bloat in calves can be caused by..?

A

vagal nerve damage
abdominal adhesions

20
Q

what is ruminal bloat on milk?

A

calves on milk when their esophageal groove isn’t working properly. you get a chronic bloat, esp after milk feed, because the milk is going into the rumen and fermenting

21
Q

ruminal bloat at/after weaning in calves is caused by…?

A

poor weaning regimen
excessive carb intake/low roughage intake

22
Q

chronic (low grade) ruminal tympany can occur because of…?

A

impaired rumen function
partial obstructions

23
Q

true or false: vagal indigestion is a diagnosis given to many cows.

A

FALSE! IT’S A SYNDROME, NOT A DIAGNOSIS!

24
Q

what is the difference b/t proximal functional and distal functional stenosis when talking about vagal indigestion?

A

proximal functional: type I & type II
distal functional: type III & type IV

25
Q

tell me the pathophys of type I vagal indigestion?

A

failure of eructation –> gas accumulation in rumen

bLoAt

26
Q

tell me the pathophys of type II vagal indigestion?

A

omasal transport failure –> liquid and solid accumulation in rumen

27
Q

tell me the pathophys of type III vagal indigestion?

A

abomasal outflow (or pyloric outflow) obstruction

28
Q

tell me the pathophys of type IV vagal indigestion?

A

late preg –> can displace abomasum dorsally or compress SI
or other generalized ileus

29
Q

how does a cow present with type I vagal indigestion?

A

gas distention of rumen (dorsal l flank enlargement)

30
Q

how does a cow present with type II vagal indigestion?

A

fluid accumulation in rumen (ventral L flank distention or L flank rounded distention)
omasum pushes abomasum out (R flank ventral distention)

papple shape

31
Q

how does a cow present with type III vagal indigestion?

A

fluid accumulation in abomasum and then rumen (bilateral flank distention), R flank more distended

32
Q

how does a cow present with type IV vagal indigestion?

A

fluid accumulation in abomasum and then rumen (bilateral flank distention)

33
Q

what is an example cause of type I vagal indigestion?

A

ruminal tympany

chronic ruminal tympany more likely to present as vagal indigestion

34
Q

what is an example cause of type II vagal indigestion?

A

luminal obstruction of omasum, TRP limiting reticulum function (flushing fluid to omasum)

35
Q

what is an example cause of type III vagal indigestion?

A

abomasal atony following RDA, luminal obstruction in abomasum

36
Q

what is an example cause of type IV vagal indigestion?

A

late pregnancy animal, severe systemic dz

37
Q

how do you dx and tx vagal indigestion? what is the prognosis?

A

dx: PE/hx, ID underlying cause

tx: tx underlying cause, pro-kinetics, trans-faunation

prog: poor if no easily treated underlying cause is ID’d

38
Q

with acute ruminal acidosis, the drop in rumen pH, disruption of gut flora, and proliferation of lactic acid-producing bacteria cause 4 things. what are these 4 things and what do they result in?

A
  1. osmolarity of rumen increases –> leads to pooling of fluid in GIT (3rd spacing) –> CV collapse, anaerobic metabolism (further acidosis)
  2. rumenitis (irritation of rumen wall) –> translocation of bac t (ex. Fusobacterium necrophorum) –> septicemia, endotoxemia
  3. absorption of lactate and H+ in blood stream –> blood pH drops, D-lactate accumulates –> metabolic acidosis
  4. overspill of high osmolarity fluids to intestines –> osmolarity of intestinal contents increases –> osmotic diarrhea
39
Q

tell me what the C/S of each of the following stages of acute ruminal acidosis are:
1. mild acute
2. severe acute
3. per-acute

A
  1. transient diarrhea, dehydration, off-feed
  2. collapsed, obtunded, foul diarrhea, rumen distended & fluid-filled
  3. found dead or comatose
40
Q

what are the possible sequelae of acute ruminal acidosis?

A

laminitis

ruminitis, parakeratosis, ± liver abscesses

polioencephalomelacia (PEM)

41
Q

tell me the pathophys of SARA (sub-acute ruminal acidosis).

A

excessive fermentable feed –> suppresses intake –> some rumenitis and chronic impact, some mild signs of acidosis –> drop in rumen pH –> feed intake reduced, cow preferentially eats long fibre –> recovery (acidosis resolved, but chronic impact)

42
Q

how do you dx SARA? (sub-acute ruminal acidosis)

A

C/S, management hx
pH monitoring (cow-side monitoring)
- pH <5.5, >3h/day
- watch out because cow pH fluctuates day to day, and within the day

43
Q

what are the risk factors for SARA?

A
  • too much starch in ration (increase VFAs)
  • too little fibre in ration (lower buffer)
  • over mixing of ration
  • under mixing of ration
  • slug feeding (from poor feed access)
  • rapid changes in ration (esp. intro of concentrate)
  • non-TMR feeding (ex. in parlour feeding)
  • inappropriate chop length

540 (cow class) (32 decks)

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