Unit Six Flashcards
Learning
A relatively permanent behavior change due to experience
Three types of learning
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
And observational conditioning
John Locke and David Hume copied what Aristotle conclusion
That we learn by association, our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence
Example of association learning
If you associate a sound with a frightening consequence hearing the sound then may trigger your fear
Habituation
An organism decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure
Ex sea slug and water
Associative learning
Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (C.C) or a response and it’s consequence (O.C)
Conditioning
Is the process of learning associations
Name what learning this is: we learn to expect and prepare for significant events such as food or pain
Classical conditioning
Name what learning this is: we learn to repeated acts that bring good results and to avoid acts that bring bad results
Operant conditioning
Name what learning this is: by watching others we learn new behaviors
Observational learning
CLassical conditioning
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Who explored C.C
Ivan Pavlov
What did Watson and Pavlov both share
Disdain for mentalistic concepts (consciousness) and a belief that the basic laws of learning were the same for all animals
Behaviorism
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studied behavior without reference to mental processes
By John b Watson
Who experimented with dogs, meat powder, salivation and other stimulus like bells? And what came out of it?
Ivan Pavlov Which unconditioned response Unconditioned stimulus Conditioned response And conditioned stimulus came out of it
Conditioned=
Unconditioned=
Conditioned=learned
Unconditioned=unlearned
Unconditioned response
In CC, unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as SALIVATING when food in mouth
Unconditioned stimulus
In CC, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response
FOOD in mouth triggers salivation
Conditioned response
In CC, the learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus
Example SALIVATING to a TONE after association with arrival of food
Conditioned stimulus
In CC, an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
The TONE that causes salivation
What are the five major conditioning processes
Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination
Acquisition
In CC, initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an US do that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the CR.
In OC, the strengthening of a reinforced response
What questions did acquisition cause
Timing, how ugh time should elapse between presenting the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
Most cases not much
Would you respond if TONE appeared after food
Not likely
What does conditioning help animals with
Conditioning helps an animal survive and reproduce-by responding to cues that help it gain food, avoid dangers, locate mates, and produce offspring
Higher order conditioning
Second order conditioning Procedure where the CS in one conditioned experience is paired with a neutral stimulus, creating a second often weaker CS
High order conditioning example
An animal that had learned that a TONE predicts food might then learn that a light predicts TONE and begin responding to the light alone
Extinction
The diminishing of a CR, occurs in CC when an US does not follow a CS,
Occurs in OC when a response is no longer reinforced
Example of extinction
For example if a TONE no longer signals the food then the dog with soon start to not salivate to the TONE
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
Generalization
The tendency once a response have been conditioned for a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Ex afraid of car, also motercycles, trucks
Discrimination
In CC, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal ah US
Ex guard dog scared, guide dog not
In their disdain for mentalistic concepts, what did Pavlov and Watson underestimate
The importance of cognitive processes and biological constraints on an organisms learning capacity
What did Robert rescorla and Allan Wagner show
That an animal can learn the predictability of an event
Learn predictability and learned helplessness help explain what
Why CC treatments that ignore cognition have limited success
Learned helplessness
The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
T or F, an animals capacity for conditioning is constrained by biology
True
Each species predispositions prepare it to learn the association one that enhance its survival
What did John Garcia do
Challenged the prevailing idea that all associations can be learned equally
Did rat radiation experiments
What did Garcia learn from rat experiments
Even if sickened hours after tasting particular flavor, rats still avoided the flavor
And the sickened rats developed aversions to tastes but not to sights or sounds
What did the occurance of Even if sickened hours after tasting particular flavor, rats still avoided the flavor suggest
It violated the notion that for conditioning to occur, the US must immediately follow the CS
