Unit Six Flashcards
Learning
A relatively permanent behavior change due to experience
Three types of learning
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
And observational conditioning
John Locke and David Hume copied what Aristotle conclusion
That we learn by association, our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence
Example of association learning
If you associate a sound with a frightening consequence hearing the sound then may trigger your fear
Habituation
An organism decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure
Ex sea slug and water
Associative learning
Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (C.C) or a response and it’s consequence (O.C)
Conditioning
Is the process of learning associations
Name what learning this is: we learn to expect and prepare for significant events such as food or pain
Classical conditioning
Name what learning this is: we learn to repeated acts that bring good results and to avoid acts that bring bad results
Operant conditioning
Name what learning this is: by watching others we learn new behaviors
Observational learning
CLassical conditioning
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Who explored C.C
Ivan Pavlov
What did Watson and Pavlov both share
Disdain for mentalistic concepts (consciousness) and a belief that the basic laws of learning were the same for all animals
Behaviorism
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studied behavior without reference to mental processes
By John b Watson
Who experimented with dogs, meat powder, salivation and other stimulus like bells? And what came out of it?
Ivan Pavlov Which unconditioned response Unconditioned stimulus Conditioned response And conditioned stimulus came out of it
Conditioned=
Unconditioned=
Conditioned=learned
Unconditioned=unlearned
Unconditioned response
In CC, unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as SALIVATING when food in mouth
Unconditioned stimulus
In CC, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response
FOOD in mouth triggers salivation
Conditioned response
In CC, the learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus
Example SALIVATING to a TONE after association with arrival of food
Conditioned stimulus
In CC, an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
The TONE that causes salivation
What are the five major conditioning processes
Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination
Acquisition
In CC, initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an US do that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the CR.
In OC, the strengthening of a reinforced response
What questions did acquisition cause
Timing, how ugh time should elapse between presenting the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
Most cases not much
Would you respond if TONE appeared after food
Not likely
What does conditioning help animals with
Conditioning helps an animal survive and reproduce-by responding to cues that help it gain food, avoid dangers, locate mates, and produce offspring
Higher order conditioning
Second order conditioning Procedure where the CS in one conditioned experience is paired with a neutral stimulus, creating a second often weaker CS
High order conditioning example
An animal that had learned that a TONE predicts food might then learn that a light predicts TONE and begin responding to the light alone
Extinction
The diminishing of a CR, occurs in CC when an US does not follow a CS,
Occurs in OC when a response is no longer reinforced
Example of extinction
For example if a TONE no longer signals the food then the dog with soon start to not salivate to the TONE
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
Generalization
The tendency once a response have been conditioned for a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Ex afraid of car, also motercycles, trucks
Discrimination
In CC, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal ah US
Ex guard dog scared, guide dog not
In their disdain for mentalistic concepts, what did Pavlov and Watson underestimate
The importance of cognitive processes and biological constraints on an organisms learning capacity
What did Robert rescorla and Allan Wagner show
That an animal can learn the predictability of an event
Learn predictability and learned helplessness help explain what
Why CC treatments that ignore cognition have limited success
Learned helplessness
The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
T or F, an animals capacity for conditioning is constrained by biology
True
Each species predispositions prepare it to learn the association one that enhance its survival
What did John Garcia do
Challenged the prevailing idea that all associations can be learned equally
Did rat radiation experiments
What did Garcia learn from rat experiments
Even if sickened hours after tasting particular flavor, rats still avoided the flavor
And the sickened rats developed aversions to tastes but not to sights or sounds
What did the occurance of Even if sickened hours after tasting particular flavor, rats still avoided the flavor suggest
It violated the notion that for conditioning to occur, the US must immediately follow the CS
Ecologically relevant
Something similar to stimuli associated with sexual activity in the natural environment i
Biological constaints
Our readiness to learn adaptive associations such as taste aversions
Why is Pavlov’s work important
His findings: many other responses to many other stimuli can be classically conditioned in many other organisms
And Pavlov shows us how a process such as learning can be studied objectively
What are some applications of CC
Former drug users feel craving with people in places that associate with previous highs
What did John b Watson experiment
Little Albert and how specific fears can be conditioned
What American custom did Watson help make
The coffee break
Respondent behavior
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
In CC
Operant conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Operant behavior
Behavior that operates on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli
Who developed the law effect
Skinnier and throndike
Law effect
Principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences becomes less likely
Operant chamber
OC, skinnier box containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, devices record animals rate
Shaping
An OC procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Successive approximations
One inch reward
Two inch reward
Three inch reward
Closer and closer to desired behavior
Discriminative stimulus
In OC a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast with related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)
Reinforcer
In OC, any event that strengthens the behavior or follows
Positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, strengths response
Negative reinforcement
Strengthens a response by reducing or removing something undesirable or unpleasant
Is negative reinforcement punishment
No, rather negative reinforcement removes punishment (aversive) events
Primary reinforcer
An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Conditioned reinforcer
Secondary reinforcer
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
Ex money, good grades
Do humans respond to delayed reinforcers
Yes, good grade at end of term, paycheck at week end
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing desired response everytime it occurs
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time, results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
Fixed ratio
Every so many, reinforcement after every nTh behavior, like buy ten coffees get one free
Fixed interval
Every so often, reinforcement for behavior after a fixed time- Tuesday discount prices
Variable ratio
After an unpredictable number, reinforcement after a random number of behaviors- slot machine, flycasting
Variable interval
Unpredictably often, reinforcement for behavior after a random amount of time, as checking email
Best results you try which reinforcement
Variable ratio
Punishment
A punisher is any consequence that decreases the frequency of a preceding behavior
What are key things for punishment
Sureness and swiftness
Drawbacks of physically punishing a child
Punished behavior is suppressed not forgotten
Punishment teaches discrimination
Punishment can teach fear
Increase aggressiveness as a way to cope with problems
Best way to use punishment
Punishment along with reinforcement
Like a swat
Cognitive map
A mental representation of the layout of ones environment
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Ex rat in maze with food
Point to remember from rat in maze
There is more to learning than associating a response with a consequence, there is also cognition
Insight
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Extrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
How does biological constraints affect learning
Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive
Instinctive drift
Going back to instincts, ex when trying to train pigs to pick up coins, would go back to pushing it with their snout
How is operant conditioning applied at school
A computer that could pace drills to students learning, quiz the student to find gaps in understanding, give immediate feedback; keep flawless record
Operant conditioning applies to sports
Shape behaviors by reinforcing small successes and gradually increasing challenge, base ball, hit it and then pitcher gradually moves back each time
Operant conditioning at work
Reward specific achievable behaviors, not vaguely defined merit
Manager affirm people for good work
Operant conditioning at home
Parenting, notice people doing something right and affirm then for it, five children attention and other reinforcers when behaving well
Simply explain misbehavior and give timeout
Operant conditioning for self improvement
State goal in measurable terms and announce it
Monitor how often you engage in your desired behavior
Reinforce desired behavior
Reduce the rewards gradually
Approximations
Rewarding the small steps toward learning a whole new behavior
CC and OC diffeeences
Through CC organism associated different stimuli that it does not control and responds automatically
Through OC an organism associated it’s operant behaviors with their consequences
T or F, biological predispositions influence both classical and operant conditioning
True
Biofeedback
A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension
Observational learning
Learning by observing others, social learning
Modeling
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Mirror neurons
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy
Theory of mind
Mirror neurons help give rise to children’s empathy and to their ability to infer another’s mental state
What do mirror neurons underlie
Our brains mirror neurons underlie our intensely social nature
Banduras experiment
Parents kick bobo doll so child does
Pro social
Positive constructive helpful behavior.
Does viewing cruelty prepare people to react more cruelty
To some extent it does
Violence viewing effect stems from what two factors
Imitation
And desensitizing
Martin seligman
Learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology
