Unit 9 Other Flashcards
Developmental psychology
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change through the life span
Nature and nurture
How do genetic inheritance (nature) and experience (nurture) influence our developement
Continuity and stages
Is development a gradual continuous process like riding an escalator or does it proceed through a sequence of separate stages like climbing rungs on a ladder
Stability and change
Do our early personality traits persist through life or do we become different people as we age
Conception
Ovary releases egg, sperm approaches and releases digestive enzymes to penetrate, then both fuse together
Cells began to differentiate-
Specialize in structure and function
Prenatal development of
Zygote
Embryo
Fetus
Zygote- conception to 2 weeks
Embryo- 2-8 weeks
Fetus- 9 weeks to birth
Placenta
Formed as the zygotes outer cells starched to the uterine wall transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to fetus
Neural network development from birth
The brain is immature at birth, as child natures the neural networks grow increasingly more complex
T or f motor development sequence is universal
True
Kids roll over before sit up
Sit up before crawl
Crawl before walk
Back to sleep position
Putting babies to sleep on their backs to reduce he risk of a smothering crib death
Infantile amnesia
Our earliest memories never really predate our third birthday
Were infants able to learn, ex
Yes, tied to mobile crib thing and would kick to spin it
T or f a child’s mind is a miniature model of an adults
False, children reason differently
Piagets core idea
The driving force behind our intellectual progression is an unceasing struggle to make sense of or experiences
Piaget proposed two concepts to explain how we use and adjust our schemas
Assimilate and accommodate
What did piaget propose for cognitive development
Four stages of cognitive development Sensorimotor stage Pre operational stage Concrete operational Formal operational
Sensorimotor stage Developmental phenomenon
Object permanence and stranger anxiety
Pre operational stage
Developmental phenomenon
Pretend play
Egocentrism
Concrete operational developmental phenomenon
Conservation
Mathematical transformations
Formal operational developmental phenomenon
Abstract logic
Potential for mature moral reasoning
Zone of proximal developement
The zone between what they could learn with or without help
Origins of attachment
Body contact and familiarity
Children don’t imprint, they
Become attached during a less precisely defined as sensitive period
Mary ainsworth
Studied attatchment differences
Sensitive responsive mothers had–
Insensitive unresponsive mothers had—
Had secure attachment
Had insecurely attached children
What happens with disruption of attachment
Upset, withdrawn, even dis pairing, can be long damaging
Does day care affect attachment
No but quality does
Authoritarian parenting
Impose rules and expect obedience
Permissive parenting
Submit to their children’s desires, make few demands and use little punishment
Authoritative parenting
Parents are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules and enforcing them but they also explain the reasons and encourage open discussion and allow exception
Family self
A feeling that what shames the child shames the family and what brings honor to the family brings honor to the self
Diversity in child rearing cautions what
Cautions people against presuming that our cultures say is the only way to raise children
Male and female regular differences
Avg woman enters puberty two years sooner, lives five years longer, carries 70 percent more day and is five inches shorter
Gender and aggression
Men more physical aggressive
Women more relational aggressive
Overall men more aggressive
Gender and social power
Men-dominant,forceful,independent, utter opinions
Women-nurturant, welcoming, express support
Gender social connectedness
Boys-large groups, little intimacy, communicate to resolve issues
Girls-smaller groups, less competitive; intimate, communicate to build relationship
Development shaped by parents
Influence manners, politics and religion. Can also chose child’s neighborhood and school to exert influence on peer group
Development shaped by peers
Personality, language and fitting in are shaped by peers
As teens mature frontal lobe developed and the growth of myelin helps with what
The fatty tissue that forms around axons and speeds neurotransmission enables better communication with other brain regions
What explains teens impulsive risky behaviors
Puberty hormonal surge and limbic system development
Larwrence kohlberg
South to describe development of moral reasoning
Preconventional mortality
Conventional mortality
Postconventional mortality
Preconventional mortality
<9 most, self interest. Obey rules to avoid punishment or gain rewards
Conventional mortality
By early adolescence, focused on caring for others and upholding laws and social rules simply because they are the laws and rules
Postconvetional mortality
With abstract reasoning, Actions are judged right because they flow from people’s rights or from self denied basic ethical principles
Moral feeling
The gut feelings that drive our moral judgements
Delay gratification
Self discipline needed to restrain ones own impulse to delay small gratifications now to enable bigger rewards later
Autonomy
Independence
Competence
Feeling able and productive
Who made the stages of psychosocial development and tasks
Erik Erickson
Infancy (to 1) issue and task
Trust vs. mistrust
Needs met develop sense of basic trust
Toddlerhood (1 to 3) issue and task
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
Do things for themselves or doubt abilities
Preschool (3-6) issue and task
Initiative vs. guilt
Initiate tasks and carry out plans or feel guilty about trying to be independent
Elementary school (6-puberty) issue and task
Industry vs. inferiority
Learn pleasure of applying themselves to tasks or feel inferior
Adolescence (teen-20’s)
Issue and task
Identity vs. Role confusion
Sense of self by testing roles or become confused who they are
Young adulthood (20’s-40’s) issue and task
Intimacy vs. isolation
To form close relationships or feel socially isolated
Middle adulthood (40’s-60’s) issue and task
Generative the vs. stagnation
Sense of contributing to the world through family and work or feel lack of purpose
Late adulthood (60’s up) issue and task
Integrity vs. despair
Reflecting on life may feel satisfaction or failure
Why did independence and adulthood begin later
Taking more time to finish school, go to college, then leave the nest and get careers and marry
What physical changes occur later
Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory abilities and cardiac output decline from late twenties to late adulthood. Menopause for women but nothing for men
Telomeres
Chromosomes tips
Protective tips shortens with age
T or f men are more prone to dying
True
How does human spirit effect life expectancy
Anger and depression increase our risk or I’ll health and premature death
Growing old Heath good and bad
The immune system weakens but have fewer short term ailments like common flu or cold
