Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psychology > Unit 7a > Flashcards

Unit 7a Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Memory

A

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Russian journalist S

A

Amazing memory

Recall up to 70 digits when avg human can only recall 7 maybe 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

To remember any event three things must happen

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Encoding

A

The processing of information into the memory system

Ex extracting meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Storage

A

The retention of encoded information over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of getting information out of memory storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Connectionism

A

Views memories as emerging from interconnected neural networks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Order of memory chain

A

Record to be remembered info as fleeting sensory memory
Then process into short term to encode for rehearsal
Then finally into long term for retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sensory memory

A

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Short term memory

A

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Working memory

A

A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Parallel processing

A

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously, the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Automatic processing

A

Unconscious encoding of incidental information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do we automatically process

A

Space
Time
Frequency
Well learned information (language)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Effortful processing

A

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Rehearsal

A

The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

Study his own learning
List of syllables
More frequently repeated, fewer repetitions to relearn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Spacing effect

A

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Massed practice

A

Produce speedy short term learning and feelings of confidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Distributed study time

A

Produces long term recall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Testing effect

A

Repeated quizzing of previously studied material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Serial position effect

A

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Recency effect

A

Last items still in working memory so recall because recent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A primacy effect

A

After a delay and shift from the last items their recall is best for the first items

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

T or F, we don’t recall literal text, but what we encoded

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Visual encoding

A

The encoding of picture images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Acoustic encoding

A

The encoding of sound, like sound of words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Semantic encoding

A

The encoding of meaning, like meaning of words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which encoding worked better?

A

Semantic encoding -deeper processing, produces better irecognition than shallow processing like visual and acoustic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does amount remembered depend on

A

Time spent learning and on making it meaningful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Self reference effect

A

Remember stuff more when it if referenced to ourselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Imagery

A

Mental pictures, a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially with semantic encoding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Rosy retrospection

A

Recalling the high points while forgetting the mundane may explain it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Mnemonic

A

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units often occurs automatically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Encoding hierarchy

A

Encoding (auto or effort)
Into meaning, imagery, organization,
Then organization into chunks, and hierarchies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Iconic memory

A

A momentary sensory memory or visual stimuli, a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Echoing memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Short term memory capacity limit is called

A

Magic number seven, plus or minus two, can typically only store that many bits of info

40
Q

T or F, at any given moment , we can consciously process only a very limited amount of information

A

True

41
Q

T or F, Our capacity for storing long term memory is essentially limitless

A

true

42
Q

T or F, Memories reside in specific, precise spots

A

False, we do not store memories in single specific spots

43
Q

Long term potentiation

A

An increase in a synapses firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

44
Q

What evidence supports that LTP is a physical basis for memory

A

Drugs that block LTP interfere with learning
When given LTP enhancing drug, rats learn a maze with half the usual mistakes
When injected with chemical that blocks LTP preservation, it erases recent learning

45
Q

Glutamate

A

neurotransmitter boosts memory and enhances synaptic communication (LTP)

46
Q

CREB

A

Protein that can turn genes on or off which enables LTP

47
Q

Trauma hormone for LTP

A

Emotions in flashbulb memory

48
Q

What effect can traumatic events have on memory

A

Can be seated into brain, traumatic experiences can be remembered forever

49
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

50
Q

What does prolonged stress do

A

The stress can act like acid, corroding neural connections and shrinking the hippocampus

51
Q

Amnesia

A

The loss of memory

52
Q

H. M

A

Brain area involved in laying new conscious memories of facts and experiences was removed
Became skilled at tracing mirror outline, but no recall of learning skill

53
Q

Implicit memory

A 
Non declarative
Retention independent of conscious recollection 
Procedural  
Motor skills
Classical conditioning 
Processed by cerebellum
54
Q

Explicit memories

A

Declarative
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know
Personal experience events
Processed in hippocampus

55
Q

Hippocampus

A

A neural center that is located in the limb Jc system, helps process explicit memories for storage

56
Q

Damage to left hippo

A

People have trouble remembering verbal information but they can recall visual designs and location

57
Q

Right hippo campus damage

A

People have trouble remembering visual designs and location but they can recall verbal information

58
Q

Hippocampus is active during

A

Slow wave sleep as memories are processed and filed later for retrieval
Hippo is a loading dock

59
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

The implicit reaction and skills we learned during infancy reach far into our future yet as adults we recap nothing of our first three years

60
Q

Recall

A

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test

61
Q

Recognizing

A

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test

62
Q

Relearning

A

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saves when learning material for a second time

63
Q

Retrieval cues

A

Anchor points you can use to access the target information when you want to retrieve it later

64
Q

Priming

A

The activation often unconsciously of particular associations in memory
Invisible memory without explicit remembering

65
Q

How does context affect memory retrieval

A

Putting yourself back in the context where you experiences something can prime your memory retrieval

66
Q

Déjà vu

A

That eerie sense that I’ve experienced this before. Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

67
Q

How is emotion a retrieval cue

A

Emotions can later prime us to recall its associated events

68
Q

State dependance memory

A

What we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state

69
Q

Mood congruent

A

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad moods

70
Q

AJ, Jill price

A

Can remember everything since she was 14

71
Q

Three sins of forgetting

A

Absent mindedness-in attention to details leads to encoding failure
Transcience-storage decay over time
Blocking-inaccessibility of stored information

72
Q

Three sins of distortion

A

Misattribution-confusing source of information
Suggestibility-lingering effects of misinformation
Bias-belief colored recollection

73
Q

One sin of intrusion

A

Persistence-unwanted memories

74
Q

Who discovered the forgetting curve

A

Ebbinghaus

75
Q

Forgetting curve

A

Course of forgetting is initially rapid and then levels off with time. Explanation for this is the gradual fading of the physical memory trace

76
Q

Three reasons memories and forgotten events can’t be found

A

They weren’t encoded
Stored memories decayed
Or they are inaccessible because don’t have enough info to retrieve them

77
Q

Proactive interference

A

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info
Forward acting

78
Q

Retroactive interference

A

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
Backward acting

79
Q

Positive transfer

A

Old information can facilitate our learning of new info, knowing Latin can help learning French

80
Q

What is the way to remember proactive and retroactive

A

PORN

81
Q

Who proposed we repress painful memories

A

Signing Freud

82
Q

Repress

A

In psychoanalytic theory

The basic defense mechanism that vanishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

83
Q

T or F, we don’t just retrieve memories, we reweave them

A

True

84
Q

What did Elizabeth loftus do

A

Showed the traffic incident, those who asked smashed instead of hit said they went faster

85
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event

86
Q

Imagination inflation

A

Repeatedly imagining nonexistent actions and events can create false memories

87
Q

Jean Piaget

A

A nursemaid thwarting his kidnapping was actually false

88
Q

Source amnesia

A

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

89
Q

What are the hearts of many false memories

A

Source amnesia and misinformation effect

90
Q

Difference between memories of experience and imagination

A

Experience memories have more detail than imagined
Imagined are restricted to the gist of the event-associated meanings and feelings. False memories sometimes outlast true ones

91
Q

Cognitive interview technique

A

Asks witness to visualize scene
Then witness recalls event without interruption
Then the detective can ask evocative questions

92
Q

Can children be accurate eyewitnesses

A

Yes, if questioned about their experiences in neutral words that they understand, then they can accurately recall what happened

93
Q

Those committed to protecting abused children and wrongly accused agree on the following

A 
Sexual abuse happens
Injustice happens
Forgetting happens 
Recovered memories are common place
Before age 3 unreliable 
Hypnosis/drug unreliable mems 
Real or false mems can be upsetting
94
Q

What happened to Elizabeth loftus

A

Told she found her mom drowned face down, actually her aunt did
She was molested by babysitter

95
Q

Memory improving suggestions

A 
Study repeatedly
Make the material meaningful 
Activate retrieval cues
Use mnemonic devices
Minimize interference
Sleep more
Test your own knowledge

AP Psychology (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions