Unit 3b Flashcards
Lesion
Tissue destruction, naturally or experimentally
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Amplified recording of the electrical wave activity across the brain, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
CT (computed tomography) scan
Using x Ray photographs to reveal brain damage
PET (positron emission tomography) scan
Visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. Active neurons use up the glucose
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
Use magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue, show brain anatomy. Can be used for other body parts
fMRI (functional MRI)
Technique revealing blood flow and therefore brain activity by comparing successive brain scans, show brain function
Brain stem
Oldest and central core of brain
Responsible for automatic survival functions
What are the parts of the brain stem
Medulla and pons
Medulla
Slight swelling, base of brain stem
Controls heartbeat and breathing
Pons
Help coordinate movement
Reticular formation
Finger shaped nerve network that plays an important part in controlling arousal, also filters incoming stimuli
Thalamus
Brain sensory switch board, receives info from all senses except smell and routes it to higher brain regions (cortex), receives their replies and directs them to medulla and cerebellum
Cerebellum
Little brain, processes sensors input, coordinate voluntary movement and balance and supports memories of such
What helps us judge time, modulate emotion, and discriminate sounds from textures
Cerebellum
Limbic system
Donut shaped, associated with emotions and drive
Parts of limbic system
Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, amygdala, hippocampus
Amygdala
Bean neural clusters
Influence aggression and fear
Hypothalamus
Bodily maintenance; hunger thirst body temp sexual behavior
Helps govern endocrine system
Linked to emotion and reward
Hippocampus
Processes memory, it lost can’t create new memories of facts or episodes
Corpus callosum
Axon fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres and carrying messages between
Spinal cord
Pathway for neural fibers traveling to and from brain, controls simple reflexes
Cerebral cortex description
Intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering cerebral hemisphere
Cerebral cortex function
Body’s ultimate control and information processing center
Glial cells
Cells in nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons, glue cells
Frontal lobes
Involved in speaking, muscle movements, and making plans and judgements
Parietal lobe
Received sensory input for touch and body position
Occipital lobe
Include areas that receive information from the visual fields
Temporal lobe
Include auditory areas, each receiving info from opposite ear o
Motor cortex
Area of rear frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement
Association areas
Areas of cerebral involved in higher mental functions like learning, remembering, thinking, and speech
Aphasia
Impairment of language usually caused by damage to brocas or wernickes area
Broca’s area
Controls language expression with muscle movements involved in speech
Wernickes area
Controls language reception, comprehension, interpret auditory code
Angular gyrus
Transforms visual representation into auditory code
Visual cortex
Receives written words as visual stimulation
Plasticity
Brains ability to change after damage (most in childhood) by reorganizing or building new pathways based on experiences
Neurogenesis
Formation of new neurons
Split brain
Condition isolating the two brain hemis by cutting corpus callosum
Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves and environment
Cognitive neuroscience
Study of brain activity linked with cognition
Duel processing
Principle that information is often simultaneously processed in separate conscious and unconscious tracks
Intelligence of animals can be determined by…. Except for a few exceptions
Brain to body weight exceptions
Who discovered that messing with the reticular formation of a cat makes it extremely awake or non wake able
Giuseppe Moruzzi and Horace magoun
What are the egg like structures
Thalamus
Older brain functions occur with or without conscious effort?
Without, suggesting our brain processes most information outside of our awareness
Who did the electrode experiment and discovered the reward centers
James old and Peter Milner
Reward deficiency syndrome
Genetically disposed deficiency in the natural brain systems for pleasure and well being that leads people to crave whatever provides that missing pleasure or relieves negative feelings ex drugs
What happened to phineas gage
Pole went through head and frontal lobes, lived but personality changes, moral compass damaged
Brain processes order involved in language
Visual cortex Angular gyrus Wernickes Brocas Motor cortex
Constraint induced therapy
Require brain by restraining a function limb to force use of other limb
Lateralization
Brains sides serving different functions, hemispheric specialization
Right brain functions
perceives objects, more quick in making inferences, copying drawings and recognizing faces, previewing emotion, perpetual task, many word association, sense of self
Right brains damage
Greatly disrupts emotion processing, facial recognition and social conduct
Left brain function
Speech, tried to explain things, calculates literal interpretations of language, one word association
Visual perception track
Create the mental furniture that allows us to think about the world, to recognize things and plan future actions
Visual action track
Guides our moment to moment actions
Which part is linked to emotion and reward
Hypothalamus
