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AP Psychology > Unit Four > Flashcards

Unit Four Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Process where our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

Perception

A

Process of organizing and interpreting sensory info enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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3
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Start with sensory receptors and work to brain integration of sensory info
Ex lines angles and colors forming picture

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4
Q

Top down processing

A

Construct perceptions Drawing on our experience and expectations,
Ex consider title, apprehensive expressions then direct attention to aspects that give those observations meaning I

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5
Q

Selective attention

A

Focusing of conscious awareness in particular stimulus

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6
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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7
Q

Change blindness

A

Failing to notice changes in the environment

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8
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli (like intensity) and our psychological experience with them

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9
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimum stimuli needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

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10
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Theory predicts when we will detect weak signals (measured as ratio of hits to false alarms)

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11
Q

What does signal detection theory believe detection depends on

A

Persons experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness

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12
Q

Subliminal

A

Below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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13
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, predisposing ones perception, memory, or response

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14
Q

Difference threshold

A

Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of time
(Just noticeable difference)

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15
Q

Webers law

A

Principle that to be perceived different two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than amount)

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16
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

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17
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another, like senses into neural impulses for brain to interpret

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18
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next

Determined hue/color

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19
Q

Hue

A

Dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

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20
Q

Intensity

A

Amount of energy in a wave, perceived as brightness or loudness, and determined by amplitude or height of wave

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21
Q

Pupil

A

Adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

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22
Q

Iris

A

Ring of Colored muscle tissue, controls pupil size opening

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23
Q

Lens

A

Transparent piece behind pupil, chances shape to help focus images on retina

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24
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive inner surface of eye, contains receptor rods, cones, and layers of neurons that begin process visual info

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25
Q

Rods

A

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, grey, necessary for peripheral vision and twilight

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26
Q

Cones

A

Retinal receptors that are in the center of the retina, function in daylight or well light,they detect fine detail and color sensation

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27
Q

Optic nerve

A

Nerve that carries neural impulse from eye to brain

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28
Q

Blind spot

A

Point at which optic nerve leaves eye, blind because no receptor cells are there

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29
Q

Fovea

A

Central focal point in the retina, where the cones cluster around

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30
Q

Feature detectors

A

Nerve cells in brain that respond to specific features of stimuli
Ex shape, angle, movement

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31
Q

Parallel processing

A

Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously, sub dimensions like color, movement, form and depth.

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32
Q

What does parallel processing contrast with

A

Step by step and conscious problem solving

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33
Q

Young helmholtz trichromatic (3 color) theory

A

Theory retina contains three different color receptors (red, blue, green) and when stimulated in combination it produces perception of any color

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34
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Opposing retinal processes enable color vision (blue-green, yellow-blue, black_white) explains after images. Ex some cells stimulated by red and not green, vis versa

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35
Q

Audition

A

Sense or act of hearing

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36
Q

Frequency

A

Number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time, determines pitch

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37
Q

Pitch

A

Tones experienced highness or lowness, depends on frequency

38
Q

Middle ear

A

Between cochlea and eardrum, containing tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of eardrum and send to cochlea

39
Q

Inner ear

A

Internist part of the ear, contains cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

40
Q

Place theory

A

Theory in hearing that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea a membrane is stimulated
Explains high pitched sounds

41
Q

Frequency theory

A

Theory in hearing that the brain reads pitch by monitoring the frequency of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve
Explains low pitched sounds

42
Q

Conduction hearing loss

A

Caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
Eardrum or tiny bones

43
Q

What are the tiny bones in the middle ear

A

Hammer
Anvil
Stirrup

44
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Damage to the cochlea a receptor cells or auditory nerves, also called nerve deafness

45
Q

Kinesthesis

A

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

46
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Sense of body movement and position including balance, monitors head position and movement.

47
Q

Gate control theory

A

Theory spinal cord contains neurological hate that blocks or allows pain signals

48
Q

How is the gate controlled

A

Opened by activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers
Closed by activity in larger fibers or by info coming from brain

49
Q

Sensory interaction

A

Principle that one sense may influence another was when small influences taste

50
Q

What is the cocktail party effect

A

Ability to attend to only one voice amount many, like someone says your name at a party and you instantly focus on it

51
Q

Change deafness

A

When speaker changes and people don’t notice

52
Q

Choice blindness

A

Not noticing their choice is different , ex flashed female faces, asked which prettier, when shown their “choice” they explain it even tho they didn’t choose it

53
Q

Choice blindness blindness

A

When asking if they’d notice the choice switch (after already partaking in it) and they said they would when they hadn’t

54
Q

Pop out

A

Not choosing to attend to the stimuli but they draw our eye and demand attention

55
Q

Masking stimulus

A

Interrupts the brains processing before conscious perception

56
Q

What does priming images to people suggest

A

Sometimes we feel what we do not know and can’t describe

57
Q

How does much of our information processing occur

A

Automatically, out of sight off the radar of our concious mind

58
Q

Can subliminal persuasion manipulate us?

A

No, subtle fleeting effect

59
Q

Why if we stare at an object without flinching does it not vanish from sight

A

Eyes always moving, enough to guarantee that stimulation on the eyes receptors continually changes

60
Q

What benefit does sensory adaptation give to us

A

Freedom to focus on informative changes in environment without being distracted by un informative background stimulation

61
Q

Sensory adaptation reinforces what fundamental lesson

A

We perceive the world not exactly as it is but as it is useful for us to perceive it

62
Q

Light wavelength

A

Hue/color

63
Q

Light frequency

A

Short is blue

Big is red

64
Q

Light amplitude is

A

Intensity and brightness

65
Q

Sound amplitude

A

Loudness measured in decibels, increased by X10 when goes up 10

66
Q

Sound frequency and pitch

A

F goes up, pitch does up

67
Q

Wavelength and frequency

A

Short wavelength, high frequency

Long wavelength low frequency

68
Q

Light travel of eye

A

Light enters cornea, passes through pupil (surrounded by iris), lens focus light rays into an image on the retina, retina receptor cells concert particles of light energy into neural impulses toward the brain, there impulses are reassembled into upright image

69
Q

Follow light into the retina processes

A

Into Rods and cones, light energy would trigger chemical changes, spark neural signals, activate bipolar cells which activate the ganglion cells, axons of ganglion converge to form optic nerve which would Carrie the info to the brain.

70
Q

Pathway from eyes to visual cortex

A

Ganglion axons firm optic nerve which runs to thalamus where they synapse with neurons that run to visual cortex

71
Q

What responds to more complex patterns from feature detectors

A

Supercluster cells

72
Q

Blindsight

A

Localized area of blindness in part of their field of vision

73
Q

Retinal processing

A

Receptor rods and cones->bipolar cells->ganglion cells

74
Q

How do we hear

A

Convert sound waves into neural activity

75
Q

How we hear through every part

A

Outer ear funnels sound waves through auditory cannal to eardrum, middle ear transmits the vibrations through the bones to cochlea (in inner ear), cochlea membrane curates and so does the fluid, ripples basilar member, bend hair cells, triggers nerve cells converging into auditory nerve, sends neural messages to auditory cortex

76
Q

What accounts for most hearing loss

A

Damage to hair cells

77
Q

What alerts us to hearing damage

A

Ringing

78
Q

Volley principle

A

Neural cells alternate firing and can achieve combined frequency above 1000 waves

79
Q

Vestibular sacs

A

Contain fluid that moves when your head rotates or tilts

80
Q

Why is there a dizzyafter affect

A

The fluid in kinestetic receptors and canals doesn’t do back to their neural state right away

81
Q

Nociceptors

A

Sensory receptors that detect hurtful temp, pressure, chemicals

82
Q

Tinnitus

A

Ringing ear sensation, phantom sounds

83
Q

Personal experience of pain biological influence

A

Activity in spinal cords large and small fibers
Genetic differences in endorphin production
Brain interpretation of CNS activity

84
Q

Personal experience of pain psychological influence

A

Attention to pain
Learning based on experience
Expectations

85
Q

Personal experience of pain social cultural influences

A

Prescience of others
Empathy for others pain
Cultural expectations

86
Q

Umami taste

A

Flavor enhancer mono sodium glutamate

87
Q

Taste and smell is what kind of sense

A

Chemical

88
Q

McGurk effect

A

Hear ga see BA

Perceive da

89
Q

Attractiveness of smells depends on

A

Learned associations

90
Q

Sensation is to

As perception is to

A

Detection

Interpretation

91
Q

Prosopagnosia-problem with facial recognition, have a deficiency in

A

Top down processing

92
Q

Intensity is to brightness as wavelength is to

A

Hue

AP Psychology (29 decks)

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