Unit Five Flashcards
Marijuana adverse effects
Impaired learning and memory, increased risk of psychological disorders, lung damage from smoke
Psychoactive drugs
Mood and perception altering substances through actions at neural synapse
States of consciousness that occur spontaneously
Day dreaming, drowsiness, dreaming
States of consciousness that are physiologically induced
Hallucinations, orgasm, food or oxygen starvation
States of consciousness that are psychologically induced
Sensory deprivation, hypnosis, meditation
Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment
Circadian rhythm
Biological clock, regular bodily rhythms like temp and wakefulness that occur on a 24 hour cycle
How does bright light mess with our clock?
Activates light sensitive retinal Proteins, which control the clock by triggering signals to the brains suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
A pair of grain of rice sized cell clusters in the hypothalamus and causes pineal gland to increase or decrease sleep hormone melatonin
What delays sleep
Artificial light
How often do we pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages
90 minutes
R.E.M. sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep where vivid dreams occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep
Alpha waves
Slow brain waves of a relaxed but awake state
Sleep
Periodic natural loss of consciousness
Hallucinations
False sensory experiences, like seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
What are hypnagogic hallucinations
Falling or floating
“Abducted by aliens”
Delta waves
Large slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
NREM sleep
Non rapid eye movement sleep, all sleep stages except R.E.M.
When do genitals become aroused regardless of dreams sexual content
R.E.M. sleep
Stages three and four start to decrease as night goes on, true or false
True, you go 1234 4321, severel times, then just 123 321, then 12 21
Why are you paralyzed during R.E.M.
Brains motor cortex is active but the brain stem blocks the messages
What does sleep deprivation do
Can make people fatter, suppress immune cells, also alters metabolism and hormonal functioning, irritability, slow performance
True or false, if you get enough sleep you will be more alert, productive, happy healthy and safe
True
What is sleeps function
Sleep protects-better to sleep than try to survive at night, helps us recuperate- restore brain tissue, makes memories-restore memories of day, recall tasks better after sleep, feeds creative thinking-boost think and learn sleep on problem, and may play a role in growth processes-pituitary releases growth hormone
Free radicals
Molecules that are toxic to neurons
Sleep stage one
Think adopted by aliens
Hypnagogic hallucinations
Fleeting images about day
Alpha waves
Sleep stage two
Sleep talk
Sleep spindles
Increase as night goes on
Spend half night in this stage
Sleep stage three
Sleep talking
Delta waves first appear
Hard to awake
Sleep stage four
Delta waves Sleep walking Hard to awaken Kids wet bed Decreases as night goes on
Insomnia
Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
Natural ways to treat insomnia
Exercise regularly, avoid caffeine and rich foods before bed, relax before bed with dim light, sleep on regular schedule and avoid naps, hide clock, manage stress,
Narcolepsy
Sleep disorder, uncontrollable sleep attacks,
What is orexin
Also called hypocretin, neurotransmitter linked to alertness
Sleep apnea
Sleep disorder, temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. Unaware of it
Night terrors
Sleep disorder, high arousal and appeared terrified, during stage four, target children,
Dreams
Altered state of consciousness, Sequence of images, emotions and thought passing through a sleep person mind
Manifest content
Signing Freud, remembered storyline of a dream
Latent content
Freud, underlying meaning of a dream
What are sleep spindles
Bursts of rapid rhythmic brain wave activity
Sleep theory: freuds wish fulfillment
Dreams provide a psychic safety value- expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings, contain manifest content (remembered) and a deep layer of latent context (hidden)
Sleep theory: freuds wish fulfillment critics
Lacks any scientific support, dreams may be interpreted in many different ways
Sleep theory: information processing
Dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories
Sleep theory: information processing critics
But why do we sometimes dream about things we have not experienced
Sleep theory: physiological function
Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways
Sleep theory: physiological function critics
Does not explain why we experience meaningful dreams
Sleep theory: activation synthesis
REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes ransom visual memories which our sleeping brain weaves into stories, tries to make sense of
Sleep theory: activation synthesis critics
The individual’s brain is weaving the stories, which still tells us something about the dreamer
Sleep theory: Cognitive development
Dream content reflects dreamers cognitive development- their knowledge and understanding
Sleep theory: cognitive development critics
Does it address the neuroscience of dreams
REM rebound
Tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (repeated awakenings during REM)
Hypnosis
Social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) suggests to another (subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
Postural away
Eyes closed, told swaying, start swaying a little
Can anyone experience hypnosis
To some extent everyone is open to suggestion, those who can be easily absorbed in imaginative activities are more susceptible
Hypnotic ability
The ability to focus attention totally on a task, to become imaginatively absorbed in it, to entertain fanciful possibilities
Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events
No, not as far back as childhood
Age regressed people, evidence against
People act as they believe a child would but typically out perform the child, example print as a child would but they would do so with perfect spelling and without any changes in adult brain waves
Hypnotically refreshed memories…
Combine fact with fiction, so courts can’t use testimony from witnesses hypnotized
Can hypnosis force people to act against their will
Not necessarily, concluded an authoritative person in a legitimate context can induce people hypnotized or not to perform some unlikely acts
Post hypnotic suggestions
Suggest made during hypnosis and carried out afterward
Can hypnosis be therapeutic
Hypnosis seems especially helpful for the treatment of obesity, but not drug alcohol or smoking
Can hypnosis alleviate pain
Yes, they feel
Less pain, even used in surgery
Social influence theory
Hypnosis like behaviors associated with other supposed altered states like demon possession are an extension of everyday social behavior and not just something unique to hypnosis
Dissociation
Split between different levels of consciousness
Attention is diverted from a painful ice bath, how?
Divided consciousness theory: hypnosis has caused a split in awareness
Social influence theory: so caught up in hypnosis role that ignores cold
Hypnotic pain relief
Does not block sensory input but it may block our attention to those stimuli which
Unified account of hypnosis
Extension both of normal principles of social influence and if everyday dissociations between our conscious awareness and automatic behaviors
Hypnosis bio influence
Distinctive brain activity
Unconscious information processing
Hypnosis psychological influences
Focused attention
Expectations
Heightened suggestibility
Dissociation between normal sensations and conscious awareness
Hypnosis social cultural influences
Presence of an authoritative person in legitimate context
Role playing good subject
Tolerance
Diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of drug, require larger dose before same effect
Neuroadaptation
Brain adapts it’s chemistry to offset the drug effect
Withdrawal
Discomfort and distress that follow discontinuation of an addictive drug
Physical dependance
A physiological need for a drug, marked by withdrawal symptoms
Psychological dependence
A psychological need to use a drug, like to relieve negative emotions
Addiction
Compulsive drug craving and use despite adverse consequences
True or false, addictive drugs quickly corrupt, like morphine leads to Heroin
False, morphine to control pain rarely develop cravings of an addict who uses it for mood altering drug
True or false, addictions cannot be overcome voluntarily, therapy is required
False, people often recover on their own, viewing addiction as a disease can under mine self confidence
True or false, we can extend the concept of addiction to cover not just drug dependencies but a while spectrum of repetitive pleasure seeking behaviors
False, this makes addiction an all purpose excuse. Explain away behavior as illness. But sometimes can be an addiction
What are the theee major categories for psychoactive drugs
Depressants, stimulants and hallucinogens
Depressants
Drugs (like alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
True or false, in large amounts alcohol is a depressant and in small amounts it is a stimulant
False
What does alcohol do
Lowers our inhibitions Slows neural processing Disrupts memory formations Reduces self awareness Stem from expectancy effects too
What three factors influence correlation between alcohol and sex
Peer influences
Desire for sex leads to drinking and partner drinking
Men disposed to sexual aggression after drinking
Barbiturates
Drugs that depress the activity of CNS, reducing anxiety but imparting memory and judgement
Mimic effects of alcohol
Opiates
Opium and derivatives, like narcotics morphine and heroin
Depress neural activity, temporally lessening pain and anxiety
What are natural body opiates
Endorphins
Stimulants
Drugs like caffeine and nicotine that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
Amphetamines
Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing sped up body functions, associated with energy and mood changes
Methamphetamine
Drug stimulates CNS, speed up body functions and associate energy and mood changes, overtime reduce baseline dopamine levels
Smoking targets teens by using
Sophistication Independence Adventure seeking Social approval Celebs
Insula
Area of brain that lights up when people crave drugs
How does cocaine produce euphoria rush
Blocks reuptake of dopamine norepinephrine and serotonin at receptor site, so remain in synapse, intensifying and producing euphoric rush, when cocaine level drops, the absence of neurotransmitters produces crash
Ecstasy (MDMA)
Synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy. Long term harm to serotonin and mood and cognition
LSD
Powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid
Near death experience
Altered state of consciousness reported after close brush with death, similar to hallucinations
THC
Major active ingredient in marijuana, triggers variety of effects including mild hallucinations
What has recent discovery or cannabinoid receptors led to
Successful hunt for naturally occurring THC molecules that bind with those receptors, may naturally control pain and explain why marijuana can be therapeutic for those suffering from pain
Psychoactive drugs have one common feature
They trigger negative after effects that offset these immediate positive effects and grow stronger with repetition
Alcohol
Type
Pleasurable effect
Depressants
Initial high followed by relation and disinhibition
Alcohol adverse effect
Depression
Memory loss
Organ damage
Impaired reactions
Heroin
Type
Pleasurable effect
Depressant
Rush of euphoria, relief from pain
Heroin adverse effects
Depressed physiology
Agonizing withdrawal
Caffeine
Type
Pleasurable effect
Stimulant
Increased alertness and wakefulness
Caffeine adverse effect
Anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high doses, uncomfortable withdrawal
Methamphetamine
Type
Pleasurable effect
Stimulant
Euphoria, alertness, energy
Methamphetamine
Adverse effect
Irritability
Insomnia
Hypertension
Seizures
Cocaine
Type
Pleasurable effect
Stimulant
Rush of euphoria, confidence, energy
Cocaine adverse effects
Cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash
Nicotine
Type
Pleasurable effect
Stimulant
Arousal and relaxation, sense of well being
Nicotine
Adverse effects
Heart disease cancer
Ecstasy (MDMA)
Type
Pleasurable effect
Stimulant/ mild hallucinogen
Emotional elevation disinhibition
Ecstasy (MDMA)
Adverse effects
Dehydration, overheating depressed mood, impaired cognitive and immune functioning
Marijuana
Type
Pleasurable effect
Mild hallucinogen
Enhanced sensation, relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation
Genes identified among alcohol dependance, what do they do
Produce deficiencies in brain neural dopamine reward system which is impacted by addictive drugs, disrupt normal dopamine balance
Drug use bio influence
Genetic predispositions
Variations in neurotransmitter systems
Psychological influence drug use
Lacking sense of purpose
Significant stress
Psychological disorders like depression
Social cultural influences drug use
Urban environment
Cultural attitude toward drug use
Peer influences
Peer influences for drugs
More likely to use drugs if friends do and stop when friends do,
Drug prevention and treatment
Educate about costs of temporary drug pleasure
Help find other ways to boost self esteem and purpose in life
Attempt to modify peer associations or to inoculate youths against peer pressure by training in refusal skills
Unified account of hypnosis studies
How brain activity, attention and social influences interact in hypnosis
