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AP Psychology > Unit Five > Flashcards

Unit Five Flashcards

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1
Q

Marijuana adverse effects

A

Impaired learning and memory, increased risk of psychological disorders, lung damage from smoke

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2
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Mood and perception altering substances through actions at neural synapse

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3
Q

States of consciousness that occur spontaneously

A

Day dreaming, drowsiness, dreaming

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4
Q

States of consciousness that are physiologically induced

A

Hallucinations, orgasm, food or oxygen starvation

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5
Q

States of consciousness that are psychologically induced

A

Sensory deprivation, hypnosis, meditation

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6
Q

Consciousness

A

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

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7
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Biological clock, regular bodily rhythms like temp and wakefulness that occur on a 24 hour cycle

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8
Q

How does bright light mess with our clock?

A

Activates light sensitive retinal Proteins, which control the clock by triggering signals to the brains suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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9
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

A pair of grain of rice sized cell clusters in the hypothalamus and causes pineal gland to increase or decrease sleep hormone melatonin

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10
Q

What delays sleep

A

Artificial light

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11
Q

How often do we pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages

A

90 minutes

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12
Q

R.E.M. sleep

A

Rapid eye movement sleep where vivid dreams occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep

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13
Q

Alpha waves

A

Slow brain waves of a relaxed but awake state

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14
Q

Sleep

A

Periodic natural loss of consciousness

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15
Q

Hallucinations

A

False sensory experiences, like seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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16
Q

What are hypnagogic hallucinations

A

Falling or floating

“Abducted by aliens”

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17
Q

Delta waves

A

Large slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

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18
Q

NREM sleep

A

Non rapid eye movement sleep, all sleep stages except R.E.M.

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19
Q

When do genitals become aroused regardless of dreams sexual content

A

R.E.M. sleep

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20
Q

Stages three and four start to decrease as night goes on, true or false

A

True, you go 1234 4321, severel times, then just 123 321, then 12 21

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21
Q

Why are you paralyzed during R.E.M.

A

Brains motor cortex is active but the brain stem blocks the messages

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22
Q

What does sleep deprivation do

A

Can make people fatter, suppress immune cells, also alters metabolism and hormonal functioning, irritability, slow performance

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23
Q

True or false, if you get enough sleep you will be more alert, productive, happy healthy and safe

A

True

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24
Q

What is sleeps function

A

Sleep protects-better to sleep than try to survive at night, helps us recuperate- restore brain tissue, makes memories-restore memories of day, recall tasks better after sleep, feeds creative thinking-boost think and learn sleep on problem, and may play a role in growth processes-pituitary releases growth hormone

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25
Q

Free radicals

A

Molecules that are toxic to neurons

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26
Q

Sleep stage one

A

Think adopted by aliens
Hypnagogic hallucinations
Fleeting images about day
Alpha waves

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27
Q

Sleep stage two

A

Sleep talk
Sleep spindles
Increase as night goes on
Spend half night in this stage

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28
Q

Sleep stage three

A

Sleep talking
Delta waves first appear
Hard to awake

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29
Q

Sleep stage four

A 
Delta waves
Sleep walking
Hard to awaken
Kids wet bed
Decreases as night goes on
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30
Q

Insomnia

A

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

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31
Q

Natural ways to treat insomnia

A

Exercise regularly, avoid caffeine and rich foods before bed, relax before bed with dim light, sleep on regular schedule and avoid naps, hide clock, manage stress,

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32
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sleep disorder, uncontrollable sleep attacks,

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33
Q

What is orexin

A

Also called hypocretin, neurotransmitter linked to alertness

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34
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Sleep disorder, temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. Unaware of it

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35
Q

Night terrors

A

Sleep disorder, high arousal and appeared terrified, during stage four, target children,

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36
Q

Dreams

A

Altered state of consciousness, Sequence of images, emotions and thought passing through a sleep person mind

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37
Q

Manifest content

A

Signing Freud, remembered storyline of a dream

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38
Q

Latent content

A

Freud, underlying meaning of a dream

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39
Q

What are sleep spindles

A

Bursts of rapid rhythmic brain wave activity

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40
Q

Sleep theory: freuds wish fulfillment

A

Dreams provide a psychic safety value- expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings, contain manifest content (remembered) and a deep layer of latent context (hidden)

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41
Q

Sleep theory: freuds wish fulfillment critics

A

Lacks any scientific support, dreams may be interpreted in many different ways

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42
Q

Sleep theory: information processing

A

Dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories

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43
Q

Sleep theory: information processing critics

A

But why do we sometimes dream about things we have not experienced

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44
Q

Sleep theory: physiological function

A

Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways

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45
Q

Sleep theory: physiological function critics

A

Does not explain why we experience meaningful dreams

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46
Q

Sleep theory: activation synthesis

A

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes ransom visual memories which our sleeping brain weaves into stories, tries to make sense of

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47
Q

Sleep theory: activation synthesis critics

A

The individual’s brain is weaving the stories, which still tells us something about the dreamer

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48
Q

Sleep theory: Cognitive development

A

Dream content reflects dreamers cognitive development- their knowledge and understanding

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49
Q

Sleep theory: cognitive development critics

A

Does it address the neuroscience of dreams

50
Q

REM rebound

A

Tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (repeated awakenings during REM)

51
Q

Hypnosis

A

Social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) suggests to another (subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

52
Q

Postural away

A

Eyes closed, told swaying, start swaying a little

53
Q

Can anyone experience hypnosis

A

To some extent everyone is open to suggestion, those who can be easily absorbed in imaginative activities are more susceptible

54
Q

Hypnotic ability

A

The ability to focus attention totally on a task, to become imaginatively absorbed in it, to entertain fanciful possibilities

55
Q

Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events

A

No, not as far back as childhood

56
Q

Age regressed people, evidence against

A

People act as they believe a child would but typically out perform the child, example print as a child would but they would do so with perfect spelling and without any changes in adult brain waves

57
Q

Hypnotically refreshed memories…

A

Combine fact with fiction, so courts can’t use testimony from witnesses hypnotized

58
Q

Can hypnosis force people to act against their will

A

Not necessarily, concluded an authoritative person in a legitimate context can induce people hypnotized or not to perform some unlikely acts

59
Q

Post hypnotic suggestions

A

Suggest made during hypnosis and carried out afterward

60
Q

Can hypnosis be therapeutic

A

Hypnosis seems especially helpful for the treatment of obesity, but not drug alcohol or smoking

61
Q

Can hypnosis alleviate pain

A

Yes, they feel

Less pain, even used in surgery

62
Q

Social influence theory

A

Hypnosis like behaviors associated with other supposed altered states like demon possession are an extension of everyday social behavior and not just something unique to hypnosis

63
Q

Dissociation

A

Split between different levels of consciousness

64
Q

Attention is diverted from a painful ice bath, how?

A

Divided consciousness theory: hypnosis has caused a split in awareness
Social influence theory: so caught up in hypnosis role that ignores cold

65
Q

Hypnotic pain relief

A

Does not block sensory input but it may block our attention to those stimuli which

66
Q

Unified account of hypnosis

A

Extension both of normal principles of social influence and if everyday dissociations between our conscious awareness and automatic behaviors

67
Q

Hypnosis bio influence

A

Distinctive brain activity

Unconscious information processing

68
Q

Hypnosis psychological influences

A

Focused attention
Expectations
Heightened suggestibility
Dissociation between normal sensations and conscious awareness

69
Q

Hypnosis social cultural influences

A

Presence of an authoritative person in legitimate context

Role playing good subject

70
Q

Tolerance

A

Diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of drug, require larger dose before same effect

71
Q

Neuroadaptation

A

Brain adapts it’s chemistry to offset the drug effect

72
Q

Withdrawal

A

Discomfort and distress that follow discontinuation of an addictive drug

73
Q

Physical dependance

A

A physiological need for a drug, marked by withdrawal symptoms

74
Q

Psychological dependence

A

A psychological need to use a drug, like to relieve negative emotions

75
Q

Addiction

A

Compulsive drug craving and use despite adverse consequences

76
Q

True or false, addictive drugs quickly corrupt, like morphine leads to Heroin

A

False, morphine to control pain rarely develop cravings of an addict who uses it for mood altering drug

77
Q

True or false, addictions cannot be overcome voluntarily, therapy is required

A

False, people often recover on their own, viewing addiction as a disease can under mine self confidence

78
Q

True or false, we can extend the concept of addiction to cover not just drug dependencies but a while spectrum of repetitive pleasure seeking behaviors

A

False, this makes addiction an all purpose excuse. Explain away behavior as illness. But sometimes can be an addiction

79
Q

What are the theee major categories for psychoactive drugs

A

Depressants, stimulants and hallucinogens

80
Q

Depressants

A

Drugs (like alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

81
Q

True or false, in large amounts alcohol is a depressant and in small amounts it is a stimulant

A

False

82
Q

What does alcohol do

A 
Lowers our inhibitions 
Slows neural processing
Disrupts memory formations
Reduces self awareness 
Stem from expectancy effects too
83
Q

What three factors influence correlation between alcohol and sex

A

Peer influences
Desire for sex leads to drinking and partner drinking
Men disposed to sexual aggression after drinking

84
Q

Barbiturates

A

Drugs that depress the activity of CNS, reducing anxiety but imparting memory and judgement
Mimic effects of alcohol

85
Q

Opiates

A

Opium and derivatives, like narcotics morphine and heroin

Depress neural activity, temporally lessening pain and anxiety

86
Q

What are natural body opiates

A

Endorphins

87
Q

Stimulants

A

Drugs like caffeine and nicotine that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

88
Q

Amphetamines

A

Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing sped up body functions, associated with energy and mood changes

89
Q

Methamphetamine

A

Drug stimulates CNS, speed up body functions and associate energy and mood changes, overtime reduce baseline dopamine levels

90
Q

Smoking targets teens by using

A 
Sophistication
Independence
Adventure seeking
Social approval
Celebs
91
Q

Insula

A

Area of brain that lights up when people crave drugs

92
Q

How does cocaine produce euphoria rush

A

Blocks reuptake of dopamine norepinephrine and serotonin at receptor site, so remain in synapse, intensifying and producing euphoric rush, when cocaine level drops, the absence of neurotransmitters produces crash

93
Q

Ecstasy (MDMA)

A

Synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy. Long term harm to serotonin and mood and cognition

94
Q

LSD

A

Powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid

95
Q

Near death experience

A

Altered state of consciousness reported after close brush with death, similar to hallucinations

96
Q

THC

A

Major active ingredient in marijuana, triggers variety of effects including mild hallucinations

97
Q

What has recent discovery or cannabinoid receptors led to

A

Successful hunt for naturally occurring THC molecules that bind with those receptors, may naturally control pain and explain why marijuana can be therapeutic for those suffering from pain

98
Q

Psychoactive drugs have one common feature

A

They trigger negative after effects that offset these immediate positive effects and grow stronger with repetition

99
Q

Alcohol
Type
Pleasurable effect

A

Depressants

Initial high followed by relation and disinhibition

100
Q

Alcohol adverse effect

A

Depression
Memory loss
Organ damage
Impaired reactions

101
Q

Heroin
Type
Pleasurable effect

A

Depressant

Rush of euphoria, relief from pain

102
Q

Heroin adverse effects

A

Depressed physiology

Agonizing withdrawal

103
Q

Caffeine
Type
Pleasurable effect

A

Stimulant

Increased alertness and wakefulness

104
Q

Caffeine adverse effect

A

Anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high doses, uncomfortable withdrawal

105
Q

Methamphetamine
Type
Pleasurable effect

A

Stimulant

Euphoria, alertness, energy

106
Q

Methamphetamine

Adverse effect

A

Irritability
Insomnia
Hypertension
Seizures

107
Q

Cocaine
Type
Pleasurable effect

A

Stimulant

Rush of euphoria, confidence, energy

108
Q

Cocaine adverse effects

A

Cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash

109
Q

Nicotine
Type
Pleasurable effect

A

Stimulant

Arousal and relaxation, sense of well being

110
Q

Nicotine

Adverse effects

A

Heart disease cancer

111
Q

Ecstasy (MDMA)
Type
Pleasurable effect

A

Stimulant/ mild hallucinogen

Emotional elevation disinhibition

112
Q

Ecstasy (MDMA)

Adverse effects

A

Dehydration, overheating depressed mood, impaired cognitive and immune functioning

113
Q

Marijuana
Type
Pleasurable effect

A

Mild hallucinogen

Enhanced sensation, relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation

114
Q

Genes identified among alcohol dependance, what do they do

A

Produce deficiencies in brain neural dopamine reward system which is impacted by addictive drugs, disrupt normal dopamine balance

115
Q

Drug use bio influence

A

Genetic predispositions

Variations in neurotransmitter systems

116
Q

Psychological influence drug use

A

Lacking sense of purpose
Significant stress
Psychological disorders like depression

117
Q

Social cultural influences drug use

A

Urban environment
Cultural attitude toward drug use
Peer influences

118
Q

Peer influences for drugs

A

More likely to use drugs if friends do and stop when friends do,

119
Q

Drug prevention and treatment

A

Educate about costs of temporary drug pleasure
Help find other ways to boost self esteem and purpose in life
Attempt to modify peer associations or to inoculate youths against peer pressure by training in refusal skills

120
Q

Unified account of hypnosis studies

A

How brain activity, attention and social influences interact in hypnosis

AP Psychology (29 decks)

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