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AP Psychology > 14 Key Terms > Flashcards

14 Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Social psychology

A

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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2
Q

Attribution theory

A

The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition

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3
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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4
Q

Attitude

A

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose is to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

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5
Q

Peripheral route persuasion

A

Attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness

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6
Q

Foot in the door phenomenon

A

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

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7
Q

Role

A

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

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8
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent
Ex when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

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9
Q

Conformity

A

Adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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10
Q

Normative social influence

A

Influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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11
Q

Informational social influence

A

Influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality

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12
Q

Social facilitation

A

Stronger responses on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others

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13
Q

Social loafing

A

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

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14
Q

Deindividuation

A

The loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

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15
Q

Group polarization

A

The enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

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16
Q

Groupthink

A

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

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17
Q

Culture

A

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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18
Q

Norm

A

An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe proper behavior

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19
Q

Personal space

A

The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies

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20
Q

Prejudice

A

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

21
Q

Stereotype

A

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often over generalized) belief about a group of people

22
Q

Discrimination

A

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

23
Q

Ingroup

A

Us

People with whom we share a common identity

24
Q

Out group

A

Them

Those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

25
Q

Ingroup bias

A

The tendency to favor our own group

26
Q

Scapegoat theory

A

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

27
Q

Other race effect

A

The tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also known as cross race effect and own race bias

28
Q

Just world phenomenon

A

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

29
Q

Aggression

A

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

30
Q

Frustration aggression principle

A

The principle that frustration creates anger which can generate aggression

31
Q

Frustration

A

The blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal

32
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

33
Q

Passionate love

A

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

34
Q

Companionate love

A

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

35
Q

Equity

A

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

36
Q

Self disclosure

A

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

37
Q

Altruism

A

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

38
Q

Bystander effect

A

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

39
Q

Social exchange theory

A

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

40
Q

Reciprocity norm

A

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

41
Q

Social responsibility norm

A

An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

42
Q

Conflict

A

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

43
Q

Social trap

A

A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally perusing their self interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

44
Q

Mirror image perceptions

A

Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

45
Q

Self fulfilling prophecy

A

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

46
Q

Superordinate goals

A

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

47
Q

GRIT

A

Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction, a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

48
Q

Central route persuasion

A

Attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

49
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Increasing behavior by presenting positive stimuli

AP Psychology (29 decks)

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