Unit Extra Questions

Question 1

What two traits illustrate why we can’t rely solely on intuition

Answer 1

Hindsight bias and overconfidence

Question 2

What helps us sift reality from illusion

Answer 2

Scientific inquiry

Question 3

What are the three main components of scientific attitude

Answer 3

Curious eagerness to
Skeptically scrutinize competing idea and
An open minded humility before nature
(Critical thinking)

Question 4

By letting facts speak for themselves the approach is called

Answer 4

Empirical approach

Question 5

Humility

Answer 5

Awareness of our own vulnerability to error and an openness to surprises and new perspectives

Question 6

Copernicus and Newton were

Answer 6

People whose religion made them humble before nature and skeptical of human authority

Question 7

Theories are useful if

Answer 7

It effectively organized a range of self reports and observations. And implies clear predictions that anyone can use to check the theory or to derive practical applications.

Question 8

Descriptive methods

Answer 8

Describe behaviors often using case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observations

Question 9

Correlational methods

Answer 9

Associate different factors

Question 10

Experimental methods

Answer 10

Manipulate factors to discover their effects

Question 11

What do experiments enable researchers to do

Answer 11

To focus on the possible effects of one or more factors by manipulating the factors of interest and holding constant (controlling) other factors

Question 12

Variable

Answer 12

Anything that can vary

Question 13

Experiments aim to

Answer 13

Manipulate an independent variable, measure the dependent variable, and control confounding variables

Question 14

Descriptive method basic purpose, how conducted

Answer 14

To observe and record behavior, conducted in case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observations

Question 15

Descriptive method strengths

Answer 15

Only require one participant
Fair, quick, inexpensive
Not ethical to manipulate variables

Question 16

Descriptive weaknesses

Answer 16

No control of variables, single cases can be misleading

Question 17

Correlation method basic purpose,

Answer 17

Detect naturally occurring relationships, to assess how well one variable predicts another

Question 18

Correlational method conducted

Answer 18

Compute statistical association sometimes among surveys

Question 19

Correlation all strength

Answer 19

World with large groups

Used in situations where an experiment isn’t possible

Question 20

Correlation all weakness

Answer 20

Does not specify cause and effect

Question 21

Experimental method

Answer 21

To explore cause and effect

Question 22

How experimental is conducted and manipulation

Answer 22

Manipulate one of more factors and use random assignment

Independent manipulated

Question 23

Experimental strength

Answer 23

Specifies cause and effect and variable are controlled

Question 24

Experimental weaknesses

Answer 24

Sometimes not feasible, results many not generalize to other context not ethical to manipulate certain variable

Question 25

Safe to generalize three principals in mind

Answer 25

Representative samples are better than biased samples
Less variable observations are more reliable than those that are more variable
More cases are better than fewer

Question 26

Ethnical principles

Answer 26

Obtain the informed consent of potential participants
Protect from harm and discomfort
Treat information about individual participants confidentially
Fully debrief people

Question 27

The scientific attitude of skeptical is based on the belief that

Answer 27

Ideas need to be tested against observable evidence

Question 28

Psychologist personal values

Answer 28

Can bias both scientific observation and interpretation of data

Question 29

Well done surveys measure attitudes in a representative subset, or

Answer 29

Random sample, of an entire group, or population

Question 30

When a difference between two groups is statistically significant this means that

Answer 30

The difference is not likely to be due to Chance variation

Question 31

Most affected by extreme scores

Answer 31

Range

Question 32

The set of scores that would likely be most representative of a population from which it was drawn would be a sample with a relatively

Answer 32

Small standard deviation

Question 33

IRB

Answer 33

Institutional review board

Question 34

Bell curve negatively skewed

Answer 34

To the right

Question 35

Bell curve positively skewed

Answer 35

To the left

Question 36

Bell curve percentage

Answer 36

.1, 2.15, 13.5, 34, 34, 13.5, 2.15, .1

Question 37

Bell curve standard deviation

Answer 37

-3, -2, -1, mean, 1, 2, 3

55, 70, 85, 100, 115, 130, 145