Unit 7 Muscle Mechanics (Week 3) Flashcards
The knee joint is made up of
the end of the femur and tibia bones.
the bony stability of the knee is extremely weak. To improve stability, many ligaments surround the knee joint such as:
pcl, acl, mcl, lcl, popliteal, and patellar ligament
posterior cruciate ligament prevents
forward displacement of the femur on the tibia
anterior cruciate ligament prevents
backward displacement of the femur on the tibia
medial and lateral ligaments provide
stability on the medial and lateral sides.
The knee joint is stabilized posteriorly by
the popliteal ligament
The knee joint is stabilized anteriorly by the
patellar ligament
The knee is stabilized on the anterior side by (muscle)
the quadriceps
The knee is stabilized on the medial side by (muscle)
sartorius and gracilis
The knee is stabilized on the lateral side by (muscle)
the tensor fasciae latae (TFL)
The knee is stabilized on the posterior side by (muscles)
the hamstring muscle group from above and the gastrocnemius from below.
two-joint-muscles:
Muscles that cross two joints rather than just one, such as the hamstrings, which cross both the hip and the knee.
chondromalacia:
The degeneration of cartilage.
The degeneration of cartilage (chondromalacia) is caused by
vastus medial is weak and patella becomes laterally displaced by vastus lateralis (or vice versa)
the gastrocnemius, the major muscle of the posterior shin, functions to
extend the foot (plantar flexion), involved in knee joint flexion, helps to provide greater stability.
the insertion of the gastrocnemius on the femur helps to
provide greater stability.
In the knee joint (leg) extension exercise, all four heads of the quadriceps are involved
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius)
The rectus femoris (the two-jointed muscle of the quadriceps group) plays a major role in
knee joint extension when it is placed on stretch at the hip joint
The ankle joint is made up of
the tibia and the talus bones.
Movements possible at the ankle are
flexion (dorsiflexion) and extension (plantar flexion)
The subtalar joint is
located between the talus and calcaneus
typically involved in ankle sprains or strains
an intertarsal joint (involves several bones of the foot)
the ankle joint has only two bony parts:
one in the shin and one in the foot
The subtalar joint allows for .
various positions of the foot and leg in response to weight bearing, particularly when running on uneven or curved paths
It is the main connection between foot mobility and stability of the ankle and leg.
The gastrocnemius is the
major ankle extensor muscle of the shin.
Iocated on the upper posterior side of the lower leg and gives the rounded form to the calf.
Lying directly beneath the gastrocnemius is the
soleus
soleus
Its upper attachment is on the tibia and fibula and its lower attachment blends into the Achilles tendon on the calcaneus.
slightly wider than the gastrocnemius
tibialis anterior is the main muscle on the
anterior side of the shin.
- located high on the shin, while its tendon at the lower end crosses the ankle joint and inserts on the inner and under surface of the foot arch.
tibialis anterior
dorsiflexes the foot but also turns the sole of the foot inward. It plays a major role in maintaining the foot arch.
multiple vertebral joints produce a great range of motion in .
flexion, extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion to both sides, and rotation
abdominal musculature (rectus abdominis, internal and external obliques, transverse abdominis) acts to
prevent the vertebral column from continually hyperextending.
The rectus abdominis (and, to a limited extent, the internal and external obliques) acts to
pull the anterior pelvis toward the sternum or to pull the rib cage down toward the pelvis.
hyperextension:
Extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit.
To produce shortening of the rectus abdominis in the lower fibers of the abdomen, it is necessary to do
exercises such as the reverse sit-up (reverse crunch) or hanging leg raises.
pelvic girdle is in motion, upper body stabilized, and upper fibers of abdominal muscles remain isometrically tensed
antigravity muscles:
A hypothetical force by which a body of positive mass would repel a body of negative mass.
The abdominal muscles
rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques
the hip flexors
iliopsoas, pectineus, and rectus femoris
The abdominal muscles and the hip flexors work together in order to
create maximum ROM in your ability to raise the legs as high as possible
Large stabilizing components especially by the four rotator cuff muscles
supraspinatus, teres minor, infraspinatus, and subscapularis
impingement:
Shoulder pain caused by connective tissue (a tendon) rubbing on a shoulder blade.
the shoulder joint is a ____ joint (the same as in the hip joint) that allows for the following movements:
multi-axial
the shoulder joint allows for the following movements:
flexion, extension/hyperextension, transverse (horizontal) adduction and abduction, abduction and adduction, medial (inward) and lateral (outward) rotation, and circumduction.
the four rotator cuff muscles
supraspinatus, teres minor, infraspinatus, and subscapularis
The muscles that serve as the primary movers of the arm at the shoulder joint are
the deltoid, coracobrachialis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, the long and short heads of the biceps, and the long head of the triceps on the posterior side.
The shoulder girdle is made up of the
clavicle and the scapula
movements of the shoulder girdle:
elevation, depression, upward rotation, downward rotation, protraction (abduction), and retraction (adduction).
shoulder girdle muscles can only move
the scapulae
shoulder joint muscles can only move
the arm
Part I of trapezius is responsible for
elevation of the scapula
most upper part of trapezius
Part IV of the trapezius is also a prime mover for
depression in which the scapula moves directly downward
Part III, the middle part of the trapezius, is involved in
adduction of the scapula—movement in which the scapula moves inward toward the spine
(Part II) some of the trapezius muscle fibers are fairly
vertical, some are horizontal, and some are in between
The elbow joint is made up of
the ends of the humerus and ulna bones.
The only movements possible at the elbow joint are
flexion and extension.
The anterior muscles are the main elbow joint flexors
biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis, and pronator teres
To fully strengthen all three heads of the triceps, you should do.
resistance exercises in which you extend the shoulder joint with the elbow extended and extend the elbow with the shoulder joint flexed
An exercise in which you extend the shoulder joint with the elbow extended is the
two-part triceps kickback.
The lying 45 degrees elbow extension exercise is an example of
elbow extension with the shoulder joint flexed.
The radioulnar joint is a combination of three joints located at the
wrist, elbow, and in between the ulna and radius bones.
The movements of the radioulnar joint consist of
pronation and supination.
The wrist joint consists of the
ends of the radius and ulna bones of the forearm with the carpal bones of the hand.
The movements of the wrist joint include
flexion and extension/hyperextension, radial and ulna flexion (abduction), and adduction, respectively.
The major flexors of the wrist are the
flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, and the palmaris longus.
located on the palm side
The major extensor muscles of the wrist include the
extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, and extensor carpi ulnaris.
located on the back of the forearm
main muscles involved in wrist abduction (radial flexion)
the flexor carpi radialis and extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
major muscles involved in ulnar flexion (wrist adduction),
the flexor carpi ulnaris and the extensor carpi ulnaris
tendinitis caused by
tendons from the hands, due to poor grip
The most accurate way to determine the key actions and muscles involved in a strength exercise is to
biomechanically and kinesiologically analyze the movements.
The gastrocnemius is another two-joint muscle of the knee, which also
crosses the ankle joint
The bony arrangement of the shoulder joint consists of a shallow socket (glenoid fossa) into which
the spherical head of the humerus fits.
The anterior muscles of the elbow joint are the
biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis, and pronator teres.
The posterior muscles on the backside of the elbow are
the triceps and anconeus.
