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ISSA Personal Trainer > Common Terms Glossary > Flashcards

Common Terms Glossary Flashcards

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1
Q

Abduction

A

Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body

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2
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward or beyond the midline of the body in the frontal plane

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3
Q

Agonist

A

A contracting muscle that is resisted or counteracted by another muscle, antagonist

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4
Q

Androgen

A

Any substance that aids in development and controls the appearance of male characteristics

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5
Q

Antagonist

A

A muscle that produces an action that is the opposite of the agonist

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6
Q

Anterior

A

Before or in front of

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7
Q

Anterior tilt

A

Forward tilt of the pelvic girdle

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8
Q

Assistant mover

A

A muscle that aids the prime mover to effect joint movement

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9
Q

Asymmetry (body)

A

Lack of symmetry of sides of the body

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10
Q

Atrophy

A

A wasting or decrease in size of an organ, tissue, or body part going to disease, injury, or lack of use

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11
Q

Axilla

A

The armpit

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12
Q

Biomechanics

A

A branch of study that applies the power of mechanics to living organisms and tissues

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13
Q

Bursa

A

A sack or saclike bodily cavity, especially one containing viscous lubricating fluid. Located between a tendon and a bone or at points of friction between moving structures.

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14
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of the bursa

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15
Q

Calisthenics

A

Exercise performed without weights or outside resistance designed to develop muscular tone and promote physical well-being

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16
Q

Chiropractor

A

One who practices a method for restoring normal condition by adjusting the segment of the spine

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17
Q

Circumduct

A

An act of moving a limb in a circular motion

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18
Q

Concentric contraction

A

When the muscle overcomes resistance causing the muscle to shorten and the joint angle to be reduced

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19
Q

Contra lateral

A

Situated in the opposite side

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20
Q

Cranial

A

Refers to the head or skull

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21
Q

Depression

A

Downward movement of a part of the body

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22
Q

Distal

A

Farthest away from the point of reference

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23
Q

Dorsal

A

Pertaining to the posterior portion of a body or segment

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24
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Bending the body part towards the rear, opposite or plantar flexion

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25
Q

Dorsum

A

The upper, outer surface of an organ, appendage, or body part

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26
Q

Downward rotation

A

Movement of the scapula as the arms are lowered, and the superior border of the scapula moves away from the midline (spine)

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27
Q

Eccentric muscle action

A

When resistance develops sufficient

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28
Q

Elevation

A

Upward movement of a body part

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29
Q

Exercise

A

Physical activity, the purpose of which is to improve some component of physical fitness

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30
Q

Expiration

A

Exhalation of

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31
Q

Extension

A

The act of straightening or extending a limb; the position assume by an extended limb

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32
Q

External rotation

A

In outward, clockwise rotation of a bone, away from the midline of the body

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33
Q

Eversion

A

The movement of the foot away from the midline of the body at the ankle joint. Also see pronation

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34
Q

Flexion

A

Movement resulting in the reduction of a joint angle

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35
Q

Horizontal abduction

A

The movement of the arms from horizontally across the body. Starting from a position where the shoulders are flexed at 90°, hands extended in front of the body, moving in the transverse plane to end in a position where the arms are flexed at 90° out of the side of the body

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36
Q

Hyper extension

A

And extreme stretching or extension of body part beyond the normal range

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37
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of a body part due to the increase in the size of its cells

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38
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Abnormal, prolong deep breathing that causes a depletion of carbon dioxide, a fall and blood pressure, and possible seating

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39
Q

Idiopathic

A

Cause of injury unknown

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40
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head; relatively lower in position

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41
Q

Injury

A

Act that damages or hurts

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42
Q

Innervation

A

Nerve stimulation of a muscle

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43
Q

Iliac

A

Refers to the area of the hip bones on either side of the body

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44
Q

Inversion

A

The movement of the foot toward the midline of the body at the ankle joint (supination)

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45
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Situated on the same side

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46
Q

Ischemia

A

Localized anemia or lack of oxygen

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47
Q

Isokinetic contraction

A

Accommodating or variable resistance. Movement of a body part through a range of motion at a constant speed

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48
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Muscular contraction that does not result in a change in the length of the muscle

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49
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Muscular contraction that overcomes resistance, resulting in change in the length of the muscle

50
Q

Joint

A

The articulation of two or more bones

51
Q

Joint cavalry

A

The space between bones that is in capsulated by a synovial membrane in articular Cartlidge

52
Q

Ketosis

A

A condition brought about by the restriction of carbohydrate intake, resulting in excessive acetone or other Keytone bodies being secreted by the body; stored fat becomes more available for energy

53
Q

Kyphosis

A

An excessive posterior curve of the thoracic (upper) spine

54
Q

Lactate

A

The end product of anaerobic metabolism of glucose; the disassociated form of lactic acid

55
Q

Lactate threshold

A

The point during a graded exercise test at which the blood lactate concentration suddenly increases; a good indicator of the highest sustainable workload the individual can perform

56
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Flexing the trunk or neck to either side in the frontal plane

57
Q

Leg

A

Portion of the lower limb between the knee and foot

58
Q

Lever

A

A rigid bar (like a bone) pivoted on a fixed point - used to transmit force, as in raising a weight at one end by pushing down on the other side

59
Q

Ligament

A

Connective tissue that connects bone To bone

60
Q

Limiting factor

A

A characteristic that determines the upper limit of performance on a particular task, exercise, etc. (muscle fiber type, cardiac output, and oxygen uptake)

61
Q

Lordosis

A

An excessive forward curve of the lumbar (low) spine

62
Q

Lumbar

A

Related or pertaining to the low back. They are five lumbar vertebrae located above the sacrum

63
Q

Maximal

A

The highest level possible, the greatest effort attainable

64
Q

Maximal aerobic power

A

The most oxygen that can be taken up and used by the body during maximal work. Relates directly to the rate that the heart can supply muscles with oxygenated blood.

65
Q

Maximal heart rate

A

The highest heart rate attainable. Estimated by subtracting an individuals each from 220

66
Q

Moment arm

A

The shortest or perpendicular distance from the point of force application to the joint or axis

67
Q

Motor unit

A

The functional unit of muscular contraction consisting of a motor nerve in the muscle fibers in innervates

68
Q

Muscle group

A

A group of specific muscles that are responsible for a particular movement or action at the same joint

69
Q

Myositis

A

Inflammation of a muscle

70
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Extend in the foot away or pointing ones toes, opposite of dorsiflexion

71
Q

Plyometric

A

The eccentric or lengthening contraction of a muscle immediately preceding a concentric contraction

72
Q

Posterior

A

Related or pertaining to the rear

73
Q

Posterior tilt

A

Backward tilt of the pelvis

74
Q

Posture

A

The position or carriage of the entire body

75
Q

Progression

A

A gradual increase from the current level. A term to indicate the use of greater resistance to overload a muscle to effect adaptation

76
Q

Pronation

A

Foot - eversion combined with abduction of the forefoot. Forearm - rotation of the wrist and hand towards the radius

77
Q

Prone

A

Lying with the front or face down

78
Q

Protraction

A

Forward movement of a body part

79
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to any point of reference

80
Q

Retraction

A

Backward movement of a part

81
Q

Rotation

A

Movement of a bone around it’s long (longitudinal) axis

82
Q

Superficial

A

External; located close to or on the body surface

83
Q

Superior

A

Refers to the head or upper; higher

84
Q

Supination

A

Foot - Inversion combined with adduction of the forefoot. Forearm - rotation of the wrist and hand laterally

85
Q

Supine

A

Refers to the body lying with the face upward, opposite of prone

86
Q

Synergist

A

A muscle cooperating with another to produce movement that could not be performed by either muscle individually

87
Q

Thoracic

A

Refers to the chest

88
Q

Thorax

A

The portion of the trunk above the diaphragm and below the neck

89
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells in fibers that form a distinct structure

90
Q

Tonic

A

The state of being in a consistent state muscular or neural activity

91
Q

Torque

A

The effect of producing a force the rotation; the product of force times length of the force arm

92
Q

Umbilicus

A

The navel - The site that marks where the umbilical cord was present

93
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

The narrowing of blood vessels

94
Q

Vasodilation

A

The widening of blood vessels

95
Q

Vein

A

A vessel that carries blood away from the tissues and towards the heart

96
Q

Velocity

A

The rate of motion of a body traveling in a particular direction

97
Q

Ventilation

A

The process of oxygenating the blood to the lungs

98
Q

Ventricle

A

A small cavity or pouch; chambers of the heart that push blood out to the tissues

99
Q

Vertigo

A

A feeling of dizziness, as though the environment was revolving

100
Q

Viscosity

A

The state of being sticky or thick

101
Q

Vital capacity

A

The total volume of air that can be exhaled following a maximal inhalation

102
Q

Voluntary muscle

A

Skeletal muscle; muscle under ones control

103
Q

Warm-up

A

Light to moderate physical activity performed prior to exercise

104
Q

Work

A

The movement of force through distance

105
Q

Work rate

A

Power or work generated per unit of time

106
Q

Anteroinferior

A

In front and below

107
Q

Anterolateral

A

In front and to the side, especially the outside

108
Q

Anteromedial

A

In front and toward the inner side or midline

109
Q

Anteroposterior

A

Relating to both front and rear

110
Q

Caudal

A

Below in relation to another structure; inferior

111
Q

Cephalic

A

Above in relation to another structure; higher, superior

112
Q

Deep

A

Beneath or below the surface; used to describe depth or location of muscle or tissue

113
Q

Lateral

A

On or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsaggital plane

114
Q

Medial

A

Relating tot the middle or center, nearer to the medial or midsaggital plane

115
Q

Posterinferior

A

Behind and below

116
Q

Posterolateral

A

Behind abs to one side, especially outside

117
Q

Posteromedial

A

Behind and to the inner side

118
Q

Posterosuperior

A

Behind abs at the upper part

119
Q

Ventral

A

Relating to the belly or abdomen

120
Q

Volar

A

Relating to palm of the hand or sole of the foot

121
Q

Origin

A

The origin is generally considered the least movable part or the part that attaches closest to the midline of the body

122
Q

Insertion

A

Insertion is generally considered the most movable part or the part that attaches farthest from the midline of the body

ISSA Personal Trainer (34 decks)

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