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ISSA Personal Trainer > Unit 1-2 Metabolism and Basic Anatomy & Physiology (Week 1) > Flashcards

Unit 1-2 Metabolism and Basic Anatomy & Physiology (Week 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

The “training effect”

A

An increase in functional capacity of muscles and other bodily tissues as a result of increased stress (overload) placed upon them.

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

The automatic tendency to maintain a relatively constant environment

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

All of the chemical reactions that take place in the body

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

Building molecules requires energy

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5
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of molecules releases energy

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6
Q

Metabolic set point

A

The average rate in which your body builds up and breaks down molecules

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7
Q

Energy content of food is measured in

A

Calories

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8
Q

Calories

A

Unit of heat

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9
Q

Glucose

A

Principal circulating sugar in the blood and the major energy source of the body.

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10
Q

Glycogen

A

Form of sugar stored in the liver or muscles

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11
Q

Biological response

A

The initial reaction to stress on our bodies

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12
Q

If built up in muscles, this can lead to fatigue

A

Lactic acid

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13
Q

This energy source powers strength

A

Glycogen

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14
Q

This energy source powers endurance

A

Fatty acids

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15
Q

Mechanisms of fatigue (6)

A

Depletion of glucose, glycogen, ATP/CP, O2,

Increase in blood pH, lactic acid, calcium ion in muscles

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16
Q

Cell Structure includes (8)

A

Ribosomes, Lysosome, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, nuclear membrane

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17
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell, responsible for providing energy for muscle contractions

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18
Q

Four types of tissue

A

Epithelial, Muscle, Connective, Nervous

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19
Q

10 Main Body Systems

A 
respiratory system 
circulatory system 
digestive system 
nervous system 
endocrine system 
skeletal system 
muscular system 
integumentary system which includes the skin hair nails and associated glands 
urinary system 
reproductive systems
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20
Q

The respiratory system

A

Supplies oxygen, eliminates carbon dioxide and helps regulate the pH balance of the body

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21
Q

The circulatory system

A

Serves as the transportation system of the body.
Heart, veins, arteries.
Subsystems: lymphatic and cardiovascular

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22
Q

The lymphatic system

A

Network of Vessels that support a clear fluid known as lymph to the heart
Responsible for the transport of fluids from the organs and plays an important role in our immune system and response

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23
Q

Carbohydrates

A

are sugars and starches used by the body as fuel

24
Q

Fats are

A

Compounds that store energy

25
Q

Proteins are important components of

A

Cells and tissues; they are large, complex molecules composed of amino acids

26
Q

Ketone bodies

A

Bodies produced as intermediate products of fat metabolism.

27
Q

Lactic acid

A

A by-product of glucose and glycogen metabolism in anaerobic muscle energetics.

28
Q

Amino acid

A

The building blocks of protein. There are 24 amino acids, which form countless number of different proteins.

29
Q

Fatty acids

A

Any of a large group of monobasic acids, especially those found in animal and vegetable fats and oils

30
Q

When anabolism exceeds catabolism,

A

Net growth occurs

31
Q

When catabolism exceeds anabolism,

A

the body has a net loss of substances and body tissues and may lose weight.

32
Q

basal metabolic rate (BMR):

A

The minimum energy required to maintain the body’s life function at rest; usually expressed in calories per hour per square meter of the body surface.

33
Q

Thermogenesis

A

Hear liberation

34
Q

thermic effect:

A

The heat liberated from a particular food; it is a measure of its energy content and its tendency to be burned as heat.

35
Q

respiratory quotient (RQ),

A

A method of determining the “fuel mix” being used, giving us a way to measure the relative amounts of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins being burned for energy.

36
Q

RQ formula

A

RQ = volume of CO2 expired / volume of O2 utilized

37
Q

Oxidation

A

The chemical act of combining with oxygen or of removing hydrogen

38
Q

Maximal oxygen uptake (O2 max):

A

The highest rate of oxygen consumption which a person is capable

39
Q

branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs):

A

The amino acids L-leucine, L-isoleucine and L-valine comprises 35% of muscle tissue.
The BCAAs, particularly L-leucine, help increase work capacity by stimulating production of insulin, the hormone that opens muscle cells to glucose.

40
Q

BCAAs are burned as fuel during

A

highly intense training and at the end of long-distance events when the body recruits protein for as much as 20% of its energy needs.

41
Q

Shivering is actually a series of

A

involuntary muscle contractions that are triggered to create heat in the body, like turning on a furnace.

42
Q

High-intensity exercise simulates development of fast-twitch muscle fibers, while low-intensity exercise results in development of slow-twitch muscle fibers.

A

Fast twitch muscle fibers

43
Q

These 2 factors dictate the primary energy mix used

A

Type and duration

44
Q

Strength/Power activities

A

Energy comes from immediate ATP stores.
Ex: include shotput, power lifting, high jump, golf swing, and tennis serve.
Activities last about 0 to 3 seconds of maximal effort.

45
Q

Sustained power

A

Energy comes from a mediate ATP & CP stores.
Ex: include sprints and fast breaks.
Activities last about 0 to 10 seconds of near maximal effort.

46
Q

Anaerobic power/endurance

A

Energy comes from 80 P, CP, and lactic acid.
Ex: 200 -400m dash and 100 yd swim.
Activities last about 1 to 2m

47
Q

Aerobic endurance

A

Energy comes from the oxidative pathway.

Activities last over two minutes.

48
Q

Adenosine diphosphate ADP

A

organic compound in metabolism that functions in the transfer of energy during the catabolism of glucose, formed by the removal of a phosphate molecule from ATP and composed of adenine, ribose, and two phosphate groups.

49
Q

Fast twitch muscle fibers

A

Muscle fiber type that contracts quickly in is used mostly in intensive, short duration exercises

50
Q

Slow twitch muscle fibers/type one

A

A muscle fiber characterized by its slow speed of contraction and a high capacity for aerobic glycolysis

51
Q

Glycolytic pathway

A

Metabolic process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy anaerobically

52
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Chemical process that converts lactate in pyruvate back into glucose.

53
Q

Anaerobic threshold

A

The point where increasing energy demands of exercise cannot be met by the use of oxygen and an oxygen debt begins to be incurred

54
Q

Pyruvate

A

A byproduct of glycolysis

55
Q

Oxidative pathway

A

A system that is aerobic, which means it uses oxygen to produce ATP by way of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain

56
Q

Beta oxidation

A

A Series of reactions in which fatty acids are broken down

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