Unit 1-2 Metabolism and Basic Anatomy & Physiology (Week 1) Flashcards
The “training effect”
An increase in functional capacity of muscles and other bodily tissues as a result of increased stress (overload) placed upon them.
Homeostasis
The automatic tendency to maintain a relatively constant environment
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that take place in the body
Anabolism
Building molecules requires energy
Catabolism
Breakdown of molecules releases energy
Metabolic set point
The average rate in which your body builds up and breaks down molecules
Energy content of food is measured in
Calories
Calories
Unit of heat
Glucose
Principal circulating sugar in the blood and the major energy source of the body.
Glycogen
Form of sugar stored in the liver or muscles
Biological response
The initial reaction to stress on our bodies
If built up in muscles, this can lead to fatigue
Lactic acid
This energy source powers strength
Glycogen
This energy source powers endurance
Fatty acids
Mechanisms of fatigue (6)
Depletion of glucose, glycogen, ATP/CP, O2,
Increase in blood pH, lactic acid, calcium ion in muscles
Cell Structure includes (8)
Ribosomes, Lysosome, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, nuclear membrane
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, responsible for providing energy for muscle contractions
Four types of tissue
Epithelial, Muscle, Connective, Nervous
10 Main Body Systems
respiratory system circulatory system digestive system nervous system endocrine system skeletal system muscular system integumentary system which includes the skin hair nails and associated glands urinary system reproductive systems
The respiratory system
Supplies oxygen, eliminates carbon dioxide and helps regulate the pH balance of the body
The circulatory system
Serves as the transportation system of the body.
Heart, veins, arteries.
Subsystems: lymphatic and cardiovascular
The lymphatic system
Network of Vessels that support a clear fluid known as lymph to the heart
Responsible for the transport of fluids from the organs and plays an important role in our immune system and response
Carbohydrates
are sugars and starches used by the body as fuel
Fats are
Compounds that store energy
Proteins are important components of
Cells and tissues; they are large, complex molecules composed of amino acids
Ketone bodies
Bodies produced as intermediate products of fat metabolism.
Lactic acid
A by-product of glucose and glycogen metabolism in anaerobic muscle energetics.
Amino acid
The building blocks of protein. There are 24 amino acids, which form countless number of different proteins.
Fatty acids
Any of a large group of monobasic acids, especially those found in animal and vegetable fats and oils
When anabolism exceeds catabolism,
Net growth occurs
When catabolism exceeds anabolism,
the body has a net loss of substances and body tissues and may lose weight.
basal metabolic rate (BMR):
The minimum energy required to maintain the body’s life function at rest; usually expressed in calories per hour per square meter of the body surface.
Thermogenesis
Hear liberation
thermic effect:
The heat liberated from a particular food; it is a measure of its energy content and its tendency to be burned as heat.
respiratory quotient (RQ),
A method of determining the “fuel mix” being used, giving us a way to measure the relative amounts of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins being burned for energy.
RQ formula
RQ = volume of CO2 expired / volume of O2 utilized
Oxidation
The chemical act of combining with oxygen or of removing hydrogen
Maximal oxygen uptake (O2 max):
The highest rate of oxygen consumption which a person is capable
branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs):
The amino acids L-leucine, L-isoleucine and L-valine comprises 35% of muscle tissue.
The BCAAs, particularly L-leucine, help increase work capacity by stimulating production of insulin, the hormone that opens muscle cells to glucose.
BCAAs are burned as fuel during
highly intense training and at the end of long-distance events when the body recruits protein for as much as 20% of its energy needs.
Shivering is actually a series of
involuntary muscle contractions that are triggered to create heat in the body, like turning on a furnace.
High-intensity exercise simulates development of fast-twitch muscle fibers, while low-intensity exercise results in development of slow-twitch muscle fibers.
Fast twitch muscle fibers
These 2 factors dictate the primary energy mix used
Type and duration
Strength/Power activities
Energy comes from immediate ATP stores.
Ex: include shotput, power lifting, high jump, golf swing, and tennis serve.
Activities last about 0 to 3 seconds of maximal effort.
Sustained power
Energy comes from a mediate ATP & CP stores.
Ex: include sprints and fast breaks.
Activities last about 0 to 10 seconds of near maximal effort.
Anaerobic power/endurance
Energy comes from 80 P, CP, and lactic acid.
Ex: 200 -400m dash and 100 yd swim.
Activities last about 1 to 2m
Aerobic endurance
Energy comes from the oxidative pathway.
Activities last over two minutes.
Adenosine diphosphate ADP
organic compound in metabolism that functions in the transfer of energy during the catabolism of glucose, formed by the removal of a phosphate molecule from ATP and composed of adenine, ribose, and two phosphate groups.
Fast twitch muscle fibers
Muscle fiber type that contracts quickly in is used mostly in intensive, short duration exercises
Slow twitch muscle fibers/type one
A muscle fiber characterized by its slow speed of contraction and a high capacity for aerobic glycolysis
Glycolytic pathway
Metabolic process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy anaerobically
Gluconeogenesis
Chemical process that converts lactate in pyruvate back into glucose.
Anaerobic threshold
The point where increasing energy demands of exercise cannot be met by the use of oxygen and an oxygen debt begins to be incurred
Pyruvate
A byproduct of glycolysis
Oxidative pathway
A system that is aerobic, which means it uses oxygen to produce ATP by way of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
Beta oxidation
A Series of reactions in which fatty acids are broken down
