Unit 7: Modules 34-36 Flashcards
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Cognition
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Concept
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories, when comparing feathered creatures to a bird such as a robin
Prototype
The ability to produce new and valuable ideas
Creativity
Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single beset solution
Convergent thinking
Expanding the number of possible problem solutions, creative thinking that diverges in different directions
Divergent thinking
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier but also more error prone heuristics.
Algorithm
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and also solve problems efficiently, usually speedier but also more error-prone than an algorithm
Heuristic
A sudden realization of a problem’s solution, contrasts with strategy based solutions
Insight
Tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Confirmation bias
In cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, an obstacle to problem solving
Fixation
A tendency to approach a problem one particular way, often in a way that has been successful in the past
Mental set
Effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
Intuition
Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes may lead us to ignore relevant information
Representative heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of vividness) events are common
Availability heuristic
the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgement
Overconfidence
Clinging to one’s initial conceptions other than basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Belief perseverance
The way an issue is posed, how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgements
Framing
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Language
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound
phoneme
In language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix)
morpheme
System of rules that ensures us to communicate with and understand others. Semantics is the language’s set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds and syntax is its set of rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences
Grammer
Beginning around 4 moths, the stage is speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to household language
Babbling stage
The stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words
One-word stage
Beginning at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements
Two-word stage
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram (to car) using nouns and verbs
Telegraphic speech
Impairment of languages usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speech) or Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)
Aphasia
Helps control language expression, or are of the frontal lobes usually in the left hemisphere, that is directly involved in muscle memories in speech
Broca’s area
A brain area involved in language comprehension and expression, usually in left temporal lobe
Wernicke’s area
Strong form of Whort’s hypothesis - that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us
Linguistic determinism
The weaker form of “linguistic relativity” - the idea that language affects thought (thus our thinking and world view is relative to our cultural language.)
Linguistic influence
