Unit 7: Modules 34-36

Question 1

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Answer 1

Cognition

Question 2

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Answer 2

Concept

Question 3

A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories, when comparing feathered creatures to a bird such as a robin

Answer 3

Prototype

Question 4

The ability to produce new and valuable ideas

Answer 4

Creativity

Question 5

Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single beset solution

Answer 5

Convergent thinking

Question 6

Expanding the number of possible problem solutions, creative thinking that diverges in different directions

Answer 6

Divergent thinking

Question 7

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier but also more error prone heuristics.

Answer 7

Algorithm

Question 8

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and also solve problems efficiently, usually speedier but also more error-prone than an algorithm

Answer 8

Heuristic

Question 9

A sudden realization of a problem’s solution, contrasts with strategy based solutions

Answer 9

Insight

Question 10

Tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Answer 10

Confirmation bias

Question 11

In cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, an obstacle to problem solving

Answer 11

Fixation

Question 12

A tendency to approach a problem one particular way, often in a way that has been successful in the past

Answer 12

Mental set

Question 13

Effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Answer 13

Intuition

Question 14

Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes may lead us to ignore relevant information

Answer 14

Representative heuristic

Question 15

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of vividness) events are common

Answer 15

Availability heuristic

Question 16

the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgement

Answer 16

Overconfidence

Question 17

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions other than basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Answer 17

Belief perseverance

Question 18

The way an issue is posed, how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgements

Answer 18

Framing

Question 19

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Answer 19

Language

Question 20

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound

Answer 20

phoneme

Question 21

In language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix)

Answer 21

morpheme

Question 22

System of rules that ensures us to communicate with and understand others. Semantics is the language’s set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds and syntax is its set of rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences

Answer 22

Grammer

Question 23

Beginning around 4 moths, the stage is speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to household language

Answer 23

Babbling stage

Question 24

The stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Answer 24

One-word stage

Question 25

Beginning at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements

Answer 25

Two-word stage

Question 26

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram (to car) using nouns and verbs

Answer 26

Telegraphic speech

Question 27

Impairment of languages usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speech) or Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)

Answer 27

Aphasia

Question 28

Helps control language expression, or are of the frontal lobes usually in the left hemisphere, that is directly involved in muscle memories in speech

Answer 28

Broca’s area

Question 29

A brain area involved in language comprehension and expression, usually in left temporal lobe

Answer 29

Wernicke’s area

Question 30

Strong form of Whort’s hypothesis - that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us

Answer 30

Linguistic determinism

Question 31

The weaker form of “linguistic relativity” - the idea that language affects thought (thus our thinking and world view is relative to our cultural language.)

Answer 31

Linguistic influence