Unit 2: Research Methods (Pt. 1)

Question 1

Tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one could have foreseen it, I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon

Answer 1

Hindsight Bias

Question 1

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Answer 1

Theory

Question 2

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Answer 2

Hypothesis

Question 3

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study

Answer 3

Operational Definition

Question 4

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic findings can be reproduced

Answer 4

Replication

Question 5

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Answer 5

Case Study

Question 6

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation

Answer 6

Naturalistic Observation

Question 7

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually be questioning a representative, random sample of the group

Answer 7

Survey

Question 8

Study that follows the same group of people for a set amount of time

Answer 8

Longitudinal Study

Question 9

Examines people of different groups at the same time, differs in a variable but share other characteristics

Answer 9

Cross-Sectional Study

Question 10

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

Answer 10

Sampling Bias

Question 11

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

Answer 11

Population

Question 12

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal change of inclusion

Answer 12

Random Sample

Question 13

Measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus how well each factor predicts the other

Answer 13

Correlation

Question 14

Statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 to +1.00)

Answer 14

Correlation Coefficient

Question 15

Anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

Answer 15

Variable

Question 16

Graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the two variables.

Answer 16

Scatterplot

Question 17

Perceiving a relationship where none exists or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship

Answer 17

Illusory Correlation

Question 18

The tendency for extreme or unusual events or scores to fall back, or regress toward the average

Answer 18

Regression Toward the Mean

Question 19

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

Answer 19

Experiment

Question 20

The group exposed not exposed to the treatment, contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

Answer 20

Control Group

Question 21

The group exposed to the treatment, that is, one version of the independent variable

Answer 21

Experimental Group

Question 22

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups

Answer 22

Random Assignment

Question 23

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo

Answer 23

Double-blind Procedure

Question 24

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which recipient assumes is the active agent.

Answer 24

Placebo

Question 25

A factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s result.

Answer 25

Confounding Variable