Unit 1: History and Approaches

Question 1

A type of thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions, but instead examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden bias, evaluates evidence, and assess conclusions

Answer 1

Critical Thinking

Question 2

The idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge

Answer 2

Empiricism

Question 3

An early school of though promoted by Wundt and Titchener that used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

Answer 3

Structuralism

Question 4

Process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one’s own psychological processes for the modern study of perception

Answer 4

Introspection

Question 5

School of psychology founded in the 20th century that provided the foundation

Answer 5

Gestalt Psychology

Question 6

Early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin, explored how mental and behavioral processes function, how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

Answer 6

Functionalism

Question 7

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies the behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with the first part but not the second.

Answer 7

Behaviorism

Question 8

A historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential

Answer 8

Humanistic Psychology

Question 9

The study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems

Answer 9

Cognitive Psychology

Question 10

The interdisciplinary study of the brain actively linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

Answer 10

Cognitive Neuroscience

Question 11

The science of behavior and mental processes

Answer 11

Psychology

Question 12

Controversial issue over relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture

Answer 12

Nature-Nurture Issue

Question 13

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

Answer 13

Evolutionary Psychology

Question 14

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

Answer 14

Behavior Genetics

Question 15

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Answer 15

Culture

Question 16

The scientific study of human flourishing, with goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Answer 16

Positive Psychology

Question 17

An integrated approach that incorporates biological psychological and social-cultural viewpoint.

Answer 17

Biopsychosocial Approach

Question 18

The scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning

Answer 18

Behavioral Psychology

Question 19

The scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes.

Answer 19

Biological Psychology

Question 20

A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders

Answer 20

Psychodynamic Psychology

Question 21

The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

Answer 21

Social-Cultural Psychology

Question 22

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. Also referred to as retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

Answer 22

Testing Effect

Question 23

A study method incorporating fine steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

Answer 23

SQ3R

Question 24

Scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

Answer 24

Psychometrics

Question 25

Pure science that aims to increases the scientific knowledge base

Answer 25

Basic Research

Question 26

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

Answer 26

Developmental Psychology

Question 27

The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

Answer 27

Educational Psychology

Question 28

The study of individuals’ characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting

Answer 28

Personality Psychology

Question 29

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Answer 29

Social Psychology

Question 30

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Answer 30

Applied research

Question 31

The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

Answer 31

Industrial/Organizational Psychology

Question 32

Explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

Answer 32

Human Factors Psychology

Question 33

Branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

Answer 33

Counseling Psychology

Question 34

Branch of psychology that studies, assess, and treats people with psychological disorders

Answer 34

Clinical Psychology

Question 35

Branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, physicians, who are licensed to provide medical treatment as well as psychological therapy

Answer 35

Psychiatry

Question 36

Branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

Answer 36

Community Psychology

Question 37

Scientists who investigate a variety of basic behavioral processes in humans and other animals

Answer 37

Experimental Psychology