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AP Psychology > Unit 6 Review > Flashcards

Unit 6 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information:

A

Memory

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2
Q

Mental representation of a set of connected ideas:

A

Schema

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3
Q

The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks:

A

Dual Processing/Parallel Processing

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4
Q

Unusually vivid memory of an emotionally important moment in one’s life:

A

Flashbulb Memory

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5
Q

A memory of a sensation (smell, noise, sound, etc.):

A

Tagged Memory

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6
Q

Unimportant info is dropped and relevant information is encoded:

A

Filter Theory

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7
Q

First step in memory in which stimuli from the environment is converted into a form that the brain can understand and use:

A

Encoding

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8
Q

Process by which encoded information is maintained over time:

A

Storage

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9
Q

Process of bringing to consciousness information in the memory system:

A

Retrieval

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10
Q

Immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system:

A

Sensory Memory

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11
Q

Visual sensory memory which lasts no more than a few tenths of a second:

A

Iconic Memory

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12
Q

Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, which lasts about 3-4 seconds:

A

Echoic Memory

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13
Q

We voluntarily focus on a portion of our sensory input while ignoring other inputs:

A

Selective/Focused Attention

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14
Q

Conscious memory or working memory; can hold about 7 bits of information for a short term:

A

Short-term Memory

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15
Q

Relatively permanent and unlimited capacity memory system into which information from short-term memory may pass:

A

Long-term Memory

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16
Q

Our unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency and of well-learning information:

A

Automatic Processing

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17
Q

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort:

A

Effortful Processing

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18
Q

Conscious, effortful repetition of information that you are trying either to maintain in consciousness or to encode for storage; manipulation of information so that it can be stored:

A

Rehearsal

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19
Q

Repeating information to prolong its presence in the STM:

A

Maintenance Rehearsal

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20
Q

LInking new information with existing memories and knowledge in the LTM to help transfer info from the STM to the LTM:

A

Elaborative Rehearsal

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21
Q

Tendency for distributed study/practice to yield better long-term retention than massed study or practice:

A

Spacing Effect

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22
Q

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than rereading, information:

A

Testing Effect

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23
Q

Clear visual images like photographic memory:

A

Eidetic Memory

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24
Q

Don’t remember information presented because one was focused on own performance:

A

Next in Line Effect

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25
Q

More likely to remember different/odd information:

A

Semantic Distinctiveness/Von Restorff Effect

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26
Q

Use of imagery to process information into memory:

A

Visual Encoding

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27
Q

Processing of information into memory per its sound:

A

Acoustic Encoding

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28
Q

Processing of information into memory per its meaning:

A

Semantic Encoding

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29
Q

Mental pictures and can be important aid to effortful processing:

A

Imagery

30
Q

Memory aids which often use visual imagery:

A

Mnemonics

31
Q

Memory technique of organizing material into familiar, meaningful units:

A

Chunking

32
Q

An increase in a synapse’s firing potential following brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory:

A

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

33
Q

Recall of skills, preferences, and dispositions; are processed by cerebellum:

A

Implicit Memory (AKA Procedural or Nondeclarative Memory)

34
Q

Memories of how to do something such as riding a bike or tying your shoes:

A

Procedural Memory

35
Q

Memories of acts, including names, images, and events; stored in the hippocampus:

A

Explicit Memory (Declarative Memory)

36
Q

The stories of our lives and experience that we can recall and tell someone:

A

Episodic Memory

37
Q

Impersonal memories that are not drawn from experience but from common knowledge; facts we learn over life:

A

Semantic Memory

38
Q

Lasting strengthening of synpases that increase neurotransmitters:

A

LTP

39
Q

Measure of retention in which the person must remember, with few retrieval cues, information learned earlier:

A

Recall

40
Q

Measure of retention in which one need only to identify previously learned information:

A

Recognition

41
Q

Amount of time saved when relearning information:

A

Savings Score

42
Q

Measure of retention in that the less time it takes to relearn information, the more than information has be retained:

A

Relearning

43
Q

Activation, often unconscious, of a web of associations in memory to retrieve a specific memory; cues to activate hidden memories:

A

Priming

44
Q

Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood:

A

Mood-Congruent Memory

45
Q

Old information gets in the way of new infromation:

A

Proactive Interference

46
Q

New information gets in the way of old information:

A

Retroactive Interference

47
Q

Aids in memory because the mastery of one task aids in the learning or performing of another:

A

Positive Transfer

48
Q

The mastery of one task conflicts with learning or performing another:

A

Negative Transfer

49
Q

Occurs when a memory was never formed because we didn’t perceive or attend to the information/situation:

A

Encoding Failure

50
Q

Memory errors that occur because people update memories with logical processes, reasoning, new info, perception, imagination, beliefs, and cultural biases:

A

Memory Reconstruction

51
Q

False memories that people believe are ture:

A

Pseudo-Memories

52
Q

Memory retrieval is efficient when individuals are in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed:

A

State Dependent Memory

53
Q

Recall of information can be retrieved better if we are in the same mood as when we encountered the info:

A

Mood Dependent Memory

54
Q

Recall of information can be retrieved better if you are in the space as when you encountered the info:

A

Context Dependent Memory

55
Q

Tendency of eyewitnesses to an event to incorporate misleading information about the event into their memories because the new ino has altered the way previous info is held in memory:

A

Misinformation Effect

56
Q

Loss of memory:

A

Amnesia

57
Q

Inability to remember the source of a memory while retaining its substance:

A

Source Amnesia

58
Q

Loss of memory for events that occured before the onset of amnesia:

A

Retrograde Amnesia

59
Q

Inability to form new long term memories due to destruction or damage to the hippocampus:

A

Anterograde Amnesia

60
Q

Sudden travel away from memory; typical of people under extreme stress

A

Fugue

61
Q

Vitamin B deficiency results in a loss of memory; alcoholics suffer from this:

A

Korsakoff’s Disease

62
Q

Freud’s theory of forgetting claiming that we push painful, embarrassing, or threatening memories out of awareness or consciousness:

A

Repression

63
Q

Progressive and irreversible brain disorder caused by deterioration of neurons that produce ACh and is characterized by a gradual loss of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning:

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

64
Q

States the number of bits of infomration that can be held in the short-term memory:

A

George Miller - The Magic Number 7 Plus or Minus Two Theory

65
Q

Father of memory; forgetting curve and learning curve:

A

Hermann Ebbnghaus

66
Q

Physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that occur when memories are stored and remembered because the more you remember it, the stronger the memory trace will be:

A

Trace Decay Theory

67
Q

Supported Ebbinghaus’s principle in that the deeper the processing the more one retains:

A

Craik and Lockhart

68
Q

Only memorizing or learning at a superficial level:

A

Shallow Processing

69
Q

Elaborative rehearsal along with a meaningful analysis of the ideas and words being learned:

A

Deep Processing

70
Q

What are the 7 sins of memory?

A
  1. Absent Mindedness
  2. Transience
  3. Blocking
  4. Misattribution
  5. Suggestibility
  6. Bias
  7. Persistence
71
Q

“Father” of eyewitness recall, how we construct memories, create false memories and misinformation effect:

A

Elizabeth Loftus

AP Psychology (42 decks)

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