Unit 6 Review Flashcards
Persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information:
Memory
Mental representation of a set of connected ideas:
Schema
The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks:
Dual Processing/Parallel Processing
Unusually vivid memory of an emotionally important moment in one’s life:
Flashbulb Memory
A memory of a sensation (smell, noise, sound, etc.):
Tagged Memory
Unimportant info is dropped and relevant information is encoded:
Filter Theory
First step in memory in which stimuli from the environment is converted into a form that the brain can understand and use:
Encoding
Process by which encoded information is maintained over time:
Storage
Process of bringing to consciousness information in the memory system:
Retrieval
Immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system:
Sensory Memory
Visual sensory memory which lasts no more than a few tenths of a second:
Iconic Memory
Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, which lasts about 3-4 seconds:
Echoic Memory
We voluntarily focus on a portion of our sensory input while ignoring other inputs:
Selective/Focused Attention
Conscious memory or working memory; can hold about 7 bits of information for a short term:
Short-term Memory
Relatively permanent and unlimited capacity memory system into which information from short-term memory may pass:
Long-term Memory
Our unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency and of well-learning information:
Automatic Processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort:
Effortful Processing
Conscious, effortful repetition of information that you are trying either to maintain in consciousness or to encode for storage; manipulation of information so that it can be stored:
Rehearsal
Repeating information to prolong its presence in the STM:
Maintenance Rehearsal
LInking new information with existing memories and knowledge in the LTM to help transfer info from the STM to the LTM:
Elaborative Rehearsal
Tendency for distributed study/practice to yield better long-term retention than massed study or practice:
Spacing Effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than rereading, information:
Testing Effect
Clear visual images like photographic memory:
Eidetic Memory
Don’t remember information presented because one was focused on own performance:
Next in Line Effect
More likely to remember different/odd information:
Semantic Distinctiveness/Von Restorff Effect
Use of imagery to process information into memory:
Visual Encoding
Processing of information into memory per its sound:
Acoustic Encoding
Processing of information into memory per its meaning:
Semantic Encoding
Mental pictures and can be important aid to effortful processing:
Imagery
Memory aids which often use visual imagery:
Mnemonics
Memory technique of organizing material into familiar, meaningful units:
Chunking
An increase in a synapse’s firing potential following brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory:
Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
Recall of skills, preferences, and dispositions; are processed by cerebellum:
Implicit Memory (AKA Procedural or Nondeclarative Memory)
Memories of how to do something such as riding a bike or tying your shoes:
Procedural Memory
Memories of acts, including names, images, and events; stored in the hippocampus:
Explicit Memory (Declarative Memory)
The stories of our lives and experience that we can recall and tell someone:
Episodic Memory
Impersonal memories that are not drawn from experience but from common knowledge; facts we learn over life:
Semantic Memory
Lasting strengthening of synpases that increase neurotransmitters:
LTP
Measure of retention in which the person must remember, with few retrieval cues, information learned earlier:
Recall
Measure of retention in which one need only to identify previously learned information:
Recognition
Amount of time saved when relearning information:
Savings Score
Measure of retention in that the less time it takes to relearn information, the more than information has be retained:
Relearning
Activation, often unconscious, of a web of associations in memory to retrieve a specific memory; cues to activate hidden memories:
Priming
Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood:
Mood-Congruent Memory
Old information gets in the way of new infromation:
Proactive Interference
New information gets in the way of old information:
Retroactive Interference
Aids in memory because the mastery of one task aids in the learning or performing of another:
Positive Transfer
The mastery of one task conflicts with learning or performing another:
Negative Transfer
Occurs when a memory was never formed because we didn’t perceive or attend to the information/situation:
Encoding Failure
Memory errors that occur because people update memories with logical processes, reasoning, new info, perception, imagination, beliefs, and cultural biases:
Memory Reconstruction
False memories that people believe are ture:
Pseudo-Memories
Memory retrieval is efficient when individuals are in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed:
State Dependent Memory
Recall of information can be retrieved better if we are in the same mood as when we encountered the info:
Mood Dependent Memory
Recall of information can be retrieved better if you are in the space as when you encountered the info:
Context Dependent Memory
Tendency of eyewitnesses to an event to incorporate misleading information about the event into their memories because the new ino has altered the way previous info is held in memory:
Misinformation Effect
Loss of memory:
Amnesia
Inability to remember the source of a memory while retaining its substance:
Source Amnesia
Loss of memory for events that occured before the onset of amnesia:
Retrograde Amnesia
Inability to form new long term memories due to destruction or damage to the hippocampus:
Anterograde Amnesia
Sudden travel away from memory; typical of people under extreme stress
Fugue
Vitamin B deficiency results in a loss of memory; alcoholics suffer from this:
Korsakoff’s Disease
Freud’s theory of forgetting claiming that we push painful, embarrassing, or threatening memories out of awareness or consciousness:
Repression
Progressive and irreversible brain disorder caused by deterioration of neurons that produce ACh and is characterized by a gradual loss of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning:
Alzheimer’s Disease
States the number of bits of infomration that can be held in the short-term memory:
George Miller - The Magic Number 7 Plus or Minus Two Theory
Father of memory; forgetting curve and learning curve:
Hermann Ebbnghaus
Physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that occur when memories are stored and remembered because the more you remember it, the stronger the memory trace will be:
Trace Decay Theory
Supported Ebbinghaus’s principle in that the deeper the processing the more one retains:
Craik and Lockhart
Only memorizing or learning at a superficial level:
Shallow Processing
Elaborative rehearsal along with a meaningful analysis of the ideas and words being learned:
Deep Processing
What are the 7 sins of memory?
- Absent Mindedness
- Transience
- Blocking
- Misattribution
- Suggestibility
- Bias
- Persistence
“Father” of eyewitness recall, how we construct memories, create false memories and misinformation effect:
Elizabeth Loftus
