Unit 4 Review Flashcards
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment, existence, sensations, and thoughts:
Consciousness
Includes all biological processes that are taking place internally and constantly with you noticing:
Nonconscious
Stored information within our self or your environment that you are currently not aware or thinking of but can easily call to mind when asked:
Preconscious
Hidden memories that influence behavior but can never be known to the conscious mind:
Unconscious
Periodic fluctuations in our bodies’ physiological states including annual variations in appetite, 90-minute sleep, cycles, the 28-day menstrual cycle, and circadian rhythms:
Biological Rhythm
Regular biological rhythm, such as body temperature and sleep-wakefulness, that follows a 24-hour cycle:
Circadian Rhythm
Sleep hormone that is secreted from the pineal gland into the bloodstream:
Melatonin
Pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm; in response to light, the SCN caused the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feeling of sleepiness; sometimes called the “master clock”:
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Natural, periodic, reversible loss of consciousness:
Sleep
Brain waves emitted while awake:
Beta Waves
15-40 cycles per second:
Beta Waves
Relaxed wakeful sleep lasts up to 5 minutes:
Stage 1
Hypnagogic states and hallucinations like sense of falling:
Stage 1
Start to emit alpha waves:
Stage 1
Relatively slow brain waves characteristic of an wake, relaxed state:
Alpha Waves
False sensory experiences that occur without any sensory stimulus:
Hallucinations
Clearly asleep and relaxed sleep stage with bursts of activity called sleep spindles:
Stage 2
Lasts for about 20 mintes; transition from alpha to theta waves:
Stage 2
Slower wave moving to restful sleep:
Theta Waves
4-7 cycles per second:
Theta Waves
Slower paced waves with spikes comparable to low amplitude theta waves:
Sleep Spindles
Associated often with sleep spindles:
Sleep Talking
Large, high voltage waves that often appear in response to such outside stimuli as sounds:
K-complexes
Transition stages with first emission of delta waves; short in length; growth hormone starts to be emitted and immune system starts to replenish itself:
Stage 3
Deepest sleep stages of delta waves creating restorative sleepN while growth hormone continues to be emitted:
Stage 4
Night terrors, sleep walking, bed wetting, teeth grinding, etc:
Stage 4
Large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep:
Delta Waves
Less than 4 cycles per second:
Delta Waves
Sleep stage in which the brain and eyes are active, the muscles are relaxed, and vivid dreaming occurs:
REM Sleep
Brain waves are high but our bodies have no movement because the brainstem acts to block communication between the cerebral cortex and motor neurons to produce REM paralysis:
Paradoxical Sleep
Tendency for REM sleep to increase following deprivation:
REM Rebound
Brief shift in brain activity from waking to sleeping brain waves; typically lasts for seconds and we lose consciousness and are unaware of our surroundings:
Microsleep
Sleep apnea that affects and often killls infants:
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Occurs between transition to Stage 4:
Sleep walking
Negative dreams that occur during REM:
Nightmares
Episodes of high arousal with apparent fear occurring during Stage 4:
Night terrors
Remembered story line of a dream:
Manifest Content
Underlying but censored meaning of a dream:
Latent Content
Physiological point of view that when we sleep, the pons sends signals to the cerebral cortex, creating what we perceive as dreams; view dreams as the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural firings in the brain as we sleep when there is no meaning:
Activation-Synthesis Theory of Dreams
Dreams are the brain’s attempts to make sense of what we encounter during the day, and by shutting down sensory experiences, our brain can process the new data acquired from the day:
Information-Processing Theory of Dreams
Social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings. thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur:
Hypnosis
A client is more able to respond positively to recommendations:
State of Suggestibility
Subjects are unable to recall what happened while they were under hypnosis:
Posthypnotic Amnesia
Believes hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness but people pretending to be hypnotized and become actors in a role:
Social Influence Theory
Believes hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness but people pretending to be hypnotized and become actors in a role:
Social Influence Theory
Hilgard proposes hypnosis creates a dissociative state by dividing higher executive functions of the brain that keeps the mind aware of hypnosis and lets the individual remain open to suggestion:
Divided Consciousness Theory
A part of a hypnotized persons’ consciousness that remains aware of happenings even under hypnosis:
Hidden Observer
Split between different levels of consciousness, allowing a person to divide attention between two or more thoughts:
Dissociation
Chemical substances that alter mood and perception:
Psychoactive Drugs
Field of study that examines changes induced by drugs in mood, thinking, and behavior:
Psychopharmacology
Physiological need for a drug that is indicated by the presence of withdrawal symptoms when a drug is not taken:
Physical Dependence
Need to take the drug to alter your memories or thoughts:
Psychological Dependence
Continued substance craving and use despite significane life disruption:
Substance Use Disorder
Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use:
Alcohol Use Disorder
Addicts lack frontal lobe inhibitor to make proper judgments about what to do/not do:
Impulse Control
Psychoactive drug that reduces neural activity and slows body functions:
Depressants
Alcohol, opiates which relieve pain, and barbiturates which induce sleep or reduce anxiety:
Depressants
Slows neural processing and thinking, impairs physical activity, reduces self-awareness, and impairs memory and REM sleep; intensifies GABA and reduces glutamate, causing sluggish movements, slurred speech, and impaired judgments:
Alcohol
Reduce anxiety and induce sleep by depressing activity of central nervous system; increases GABA:
Sedatives/Tranquilizers
Reduce neurotransmission and temporarily lessens pain and anxiety by reducing GABA and slows the release of dopamine:
Opiates
The inability to feel pain anturally due to an opiate addiction imapring the brains ability to produce endorphins and opamine:
Anhedonia
Psychoactive drugs that excite neural activity and speed up bodily functions:
Stimualnts
Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine:
Stimulants
Imitates ACh making the smoker feel good:
Nicotine
Most used drug in the world; acts as adenosine-receptor antagonist causing people to have a rush of energy to stay awake:
Caffeine
Blocks the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine; causes an immediate rush followed by a crash:
Cocaine
Increase wakefulness and enhance cognitive performance while increasing metabolism; used to treat weight gain, narcolepsy, and ADHD:
Amphetamines
“Super” stimulant making it faster acting, more potent, and more dangerous than amphetamines because it is methylated twice:
Methamphetamine
Psychoactive drugs that distort perception and evoke sensory imagery in the absense of senroy input:
Hallucinogens
LSD and Marijuana:
Hallucinogens
Stimulant and mild hallucinogen that produces short-term euphoria by increasing dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain:
Ecstasy (MDMA)
Produced vivid false perceptions and disorganization of thought process; produces its unpredictable effects partially because it blocks the action of serotonin causing near death experience due to the lack of oxygen:
LSD
Mild hallucinogen and most active ingredient in marihuana:
THC
Causes mild euphoria, relaxation, and increased auditory and visual perceptions:
THC
Belief that the mind and body are distinct entities - the mind non-physical, the body physical:
Dualism
Belief that the mind and body are different aspects of the same thing:
Monism
Consciousness is a continuous flow:
William James
Known for theory of dream interpretation, stating dreams are a method for reaching into the unconscious mind and dreams might represent a form of wish-fulfillment by the unconscious mind:
Sigmund Freud
Developed dissociation theory of hypnosis:
Ernest Hilgard
