Unit 2 Review Flashcards
Theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and character traits:
Phrenology
Study of the links between biology and behavior:
Biological Psychology
Nerve cell; basic building block of the nervous system:
Neurons
The formation of new neurons:
Neurogenesis
Bushy, brancing extensions that receive messages from other nerve cells and conduct impulses toward the cell body:
Dendrites
Extension that sends impulses to other nerve cells or to muscles/glands:
Axon
Layer of fatty tissue that covers many axons and helps the speed of neural impusles:
Myelin Sheath
Disease caused by loss of myelin sheath in the CNS resulting in severe fatigue, problems with sensations, and difficulty with motor skills:
Multiple Sclerosis
Body of the nerve cell containing the nucles:
Soma
End of the neuron that houses the neurotransmitters:
Terminal Branches/Buttons
Guide neural connections and provide nutrients and insulated myelin while helping to remove excess ions and neurotransmitters:
Glial Cells
The positive sodium ions are on the outside and the negative potassium ions are on the inside:
Resting Potential
Membrane of the neuron allows the sodium and potassium to move in and out of the channel:
Semi-permeable
Neural impulse generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of the channels in the axon’s membrane:
Action Potential
The increase in sodium ions moving inside the cell and the potassium ions get pushed outside:
Depolarization
After the charge moves to the next section of the axon channel the sodium ions shift back outside the channel:
Hyperpolarization
Level of stimulation that must be exceeded for the neuron to fire or generate an electrical impulse:
Threshold
Either cells fire if the charge inside reaches a threshold or it doesn’t fire:
All or None Principle
Junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and dendrite of the receiving neuron:
Synapse
Chemicals that are released into synaptic gaps and transmit neural messages from neuron to neuron:
Neurotransmitters
Contraction of muscles and heart rate and transmits messages and influences learning and memory:
ACH
Alzheimer’s is related to:
ACH
influences voluntary movement, posture, learning, cognition, attention:
Dopamine
Tremors and Parkinson’s disease:
Dopamine Deficit
Schizophrenia:
Dopamine Surplus
Involved with mood regulation, hunger, sleep, impulsive control:
Serotonin
Helps control alertness and arousal (related to sympathetic nervous system and fight or flight response):
Norepinephrine
Excites the body and memory, thinking and learning:
Glutamate
Migraines:
Glutamate Surplus
Inhibits brain activity and calms the CNS:
GABA
Anxiety disorders, insomnia, seizures:
GABA Deficit
Blocks ACH receptor sites on muscles, paralyzing the body:
Curare
Sending neuron reabsorbs excess neurotransmitter molecules left in the synapse:
Reuptake
A molecule that excites and is similar enough in structure to the neurotransmitter to mimic its effect on the receiving neuron:
Agonist
A molecule that inhibits and is similar enough in structure to the neurotransmitter to occupy its receptor site and block its action:
Antagonist
Electrochemical communication system consisting of all the nerve cells in the peripheral and central nervous systems:
Nervous System
Brain and spinal cord:
Central Nervous System
Connects the CNS to the body’s sense receptors, muscles, and glands:
Peripheral Nervous System
Bundles of neural axons that connect the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs:
Nerves
Carry info from sense receptors to the CNS for processing:
Sensory/Afferent Neurons
Neurons of the CNS that link sensory and motor neurons:
Interneurons
Carry info and instructions for action from the CNS to muscles and glands:
Motor/Efferent Neurons
Division of peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles:
Somatic Nervous System
Division of peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of internal organs and thereby controls internal functioning:
Autonomic Nervous System
Arouses the body and mobilizes energy for stressful situations (Fight or Flight):
Sympathetic Nervous System
Calms the body and conserves energy (Rest and Digest):
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Occurs when a signal is sent from a sensory organ to the spinal cord, which processes the info instead of passing it on to the brain:
Reflex Arc
Interconnected neural cells that are strengthened as leraning occurs:
Neural Networks
Destruction of tissue:
Lesion
Process of removing or destring some brain tissue:
Ablation
An imaging method that is used to create amplified recordings of electrical activity across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp:
EEG
Examines the brain by taking x-ray photos from different angles and combining them on a computer into one representation
CT/CAT
A brain imaging method that maps brain activity by monitoring a harmless amount of radioactively tagged glucose introduced into the brain via the blood:
PET
Imaging method used that uses computer enhancement to create high resolution images of brain anatomy from exposure to magnetic fields and radio wave:
MRI
Its structures direct automatic survival functions:
Brainstem
Controls breathing and heartbeat; part of brainsteam:
Medulle
Nerve network that controls arousal:
Reticular Formation
Helps to coordinate movement because it is the BRIDGE to the cerebellum:
Pons
Sensory switchboard; routes incoming messages to the appropriate cortical centers and transmits replies to the medulla and cerebellum:
Thalamus
Located above the pons:
Midbrain
Doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum; associated with emotions and drives for food and sex:
Limbic System
Consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of anger and fear:
Amygdala
Regulates hunger, thirst, body temp. and sex:
Hypothalamus
Deals with learning and memory:
Hippocampus
Regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands:
Pituitary Gland
The seat of the information processing and responsible for complex functions that make us distinctively human:
Cerebrum/Cerebral Cortex
Peaks on the cerebral cortex:
Sulci
Valleys on the cerebral cortex:
Gyri
Involved with speaking, making plans, judgements, goal setting and controls personality, stability and behavior:
Frontal Lobe
The cortex that controls voluntary movements:
Motor Cortex
Controls sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain:
Parietal Lobe
Receives info about touch from sense organs:
Somatosensory Cortex
Not related to sensory or motor function but are areas where higher level processing occurs; covers 3/4 of the entire cortex:
Association Areas
Vision center for processing symbols, angles. shapes, shadows, and movements:
Occipital Lobe
Hearing and speech center; contains olfactory area:
Temporal Lobe
Involved in comprehension/interpreting auditory code:
Wernicke’s Area
Controls movement necessary for speech:
Broca’s Area
Impairment of language:
Aphasia
Condition where familiar objects are unrecognizable:
Agnosia
Can see various parts of the face but can’t identify the person whose face it is:
Prosopagnosia
The brain’s ability to modify itself after some type of injury or illness:
Plasticity
Large band of neural fibers that link the right and left cerebral hemispheres; without this band of fibers, the two hemispheres cannot interact:
Corpus Callosum
Condition in which the major connections between the two cerebral hempsiphers are severed:
Split Brain
Consists of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream:
Endocrine System
Chemical messengers that are produced in one tissue and circulate through the bloodstream to their target tissues on which they have special effects:
Hormones
Produce epinephrine and norepinephrine:
Adrenal Glands
Secretes thyroxine which affects metabolism:
Thyroid Gland
Invented phrenology:
Franz Gall
Placed an electrode in the hypothalamus discovering it is the pleasure center or reward center:
James Olds and Peter Milner
Had damage to the frontal lobe:
Phineas Gage
Divided brains of cats and monkeys to see if split-brain patients work; studied split brain patients:
Michael Gazzaniga and Roger Sperry
