Unit 2 Review

Question 1

Theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and character traits:

Answer 1

Phrenology

Question 2

Study of the links between biology and behavior:

Answer 2

Biological Psychology

Question 3

Nerve cell; basic building block of the nervous system:

Answer 3

Neurons

Question 4

The formation of new neurons:

Answer 4

Neurogenesis

Question 5

Bushy, brancing extensions that receive messages from other nerve cells and conduct impulses toward the cell body:

Answer 5

Dendrites

Question 6

Extension that sends impulses to other nerve cells or to muscles/glands:

Answer 6

Axon

Question 7

Layer of fatty tissue that covers many axons and helps the speed of neural impusles:

Answer 7

Myelin Sheath

Question 8

Disease caused by loss of myelin sheath in the CNS resulting in severe fatigue, problems with sensations, and difficulty with motor skills:

Answer 8

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 9

Body of the nerve cell containing the nucles:

Answer 9

Soma

Question 10

End of the neuron that houses the neurotransmitters:

Answer 10

Terminal Branches/Buttons

Question 11

Guide neural connections and provide nutrients and insulated myelin while helping to remove excess ions and neurotransmitters:

Answer 11

Glial Cells

Question 12

The positive sodium ions are on the outside and the negative potassium ions are on the inside:

Answer 12

Resting Potential

Question 13

Membrane of the neuron allows the sodium and potassium to move in and out of the channel:

Answer 13

Semi-permeable

Question 14

Neural impulse generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of the channels in the axon’s membrane:

Answer 14

Action Potential

Question 15

The increase in sodium ions moving inside the cell and the potassium ions get pushed outside:

Answer 15

Depolarization

Question 16

After the charge moves to the next section of the axon channel the sodium ions shift back outside the channel:

Answer 16

Hyperpolarization

Question 17

Level of stimulation that must be exceeded for the neuron to fire or generate an electrical impulse:

Answer 17

Threshold

Question 18

Either cells fire if the charge inside reaches a threshold or it doesn’t fire:

Answer 18

All or None Principle

Question 19

Junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and dendrite of the receiving neuron:

Answer 19

Synapse

Question 20

Chemicals that are released into synaptic gaps and transmit neural messages from neuron to neuron:

Answer 20

Neurotransmitters

Question 21

Contraction of muscles and heart rate and transmits messages and influences learning and memory:

Answer 21

ACH

Question 22

Alzheimer’s is related to:

Answer 22

ACH

Question 23

influences voluntary movement, posture, learning, cognition, attention:

Answer 23

Dopamine

Question 24

Tremors and Parkinson’s disease:

Answer 24

Dopamine Deficit

Question 25

Schizophrenia:

Answer 25

Dopamine Surplus

Question 26

Involved with mood regulation, hunger, sleep, impulsive control:

Answer 26

Serotonin

Question 27

Helps control alertness and arousal (related to sympathetic nervous system and fight or flight response):

Answer 27

Norepinephrine

Question 28

Excites the body and memory, thinking and learning:

Answer 28

Glutamate

Question 29

Migraines:

Answer 29

Glutamate Surplus

Question 30

Inhibits brain activity and calms the CNS:

Answer 30

GABA

Question 31

Anxiety disorders, insomnia, seizures:

Answer 31

GABA Deficit

Question 32

Blocks ACH receptor sites on muscles, paralyzing the body:

Answer 32

Curare

Question 33

Sending neuron reabsorbs excess neurotransmitter molecules left in the synapse:

Answer 33

Reuptake

Question 34

A molecule that excites and is similar enough in structure to the neurotransmitter to mimic its effect on the receiving neuron:

Answer 34

Agonist

Question 35

A molecule that inhibits and is similar enough in structure to the neurotransmitter to occupy its receptor site and block its action:

Answer 35

Antagonist

Question 36

Electrochemical communication system consisting of all the nerve cells in the peripheral and central nervous systems:

Answer 36

Nervous System

Question 37

Brain and spinal cord:

Answer 37

Central Nervous System

Question 38

Connects the CNS to the body's sense receptors, muscles, and glands:

Answer 38

Peripheral Nervous System

Question 39

Bundles of neural axons that connect the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs:

Answer 39

Nerves

Question 40

Carry info from sense receptors to the CNS for processing:

Answer 40

Sensory/Afferent Neurons

Question 41

Neurons of the CNS that link sensory and motor neurons:

Answer 41

Interneurons

Question 42

Carry info and instructions for action from the CNS to muscles and glands:

Answer 42

Motor/Efferent Neurons

Question 43

Division of peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles:

Answer 43

Somatic Nervous System

Question 44

Division of peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of internal organs and thereby controls internal functioning:

Answer 44

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 45

Arouses the body and mobilizes energy for stressful situations (Fight or Flight):

Answer 45

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 46

Calms the body and conserves energy (Rest and Digest):

Answer 46

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 47

Occurs when a signal is sent from a sensory organ to the spinal cord, which processes the info instead of passing it on to the brain:

Answer 47

Reflex Arc

Question 48

Interconnected neural cells that are strengthened as leraning occurs:

Answer 48

Neural Networks

Question 49

Destruction of tissue:

Answer 49

Lesion

Question 50

Process of removing or destring some brain tissue:

Answer 50

Ablation

Question 51

An imaging method that is used to create amplified recordings of electrical activity across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp:

Answer 51

EEG

Question 52

Examines the brain by taking x-ray photos from different angles and combining them on a computer into one representation

Answer 52

CT/CAT

Question 53

A brain imaging method that maps brain activity by monitoring a harmless amount of radioactively tagged glucose introduced into the brain via the blood:

Answer 53

PET

Question 54

Imaging method used that uses computer enhancement to create high resolution images of brain anatomy from exposure to magnetic fields and radio wave:

Answer 54

MRI

Question 55

Its structures direct automatic survival functions:

Answer 55

Brainstem

Question 56

Controls breathing and heartbeat; part of brainsteam:

Answer 56

Medulle

Question 57

Nerve network that controls arousal:

Answer 57

Reticular Formation

Question 58

Helps to coordinate movement because it is the BRIDGE to the cerebellum:

Answer 58

Pons

Question 59

Sensory switchboard; routes incoming messages to the appropriate cortical centers and transmits replies to the medulla and cerebellum:

Answer 59

Thalamus

Question 60

Located above the pons:

Answer 60

Midbrain

Question 61

Doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum; associated with emotions and drives for food and sex:

Answer 61

Limbic System

Question 62

Consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of anger and fear:

Answer 62

Amygdala

Question 63

Regulates hunger, thirst, body temp. and sex:

Answer 63

Hypothalamus

Question 64

Deals with learning and memory:

Answer 64

Hippocampus

Question 65

Regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands:

Answer 65

Pituitary Gland

Question 66

The seat of the information processing and responsible for complex functions that make us distinctively human:

Answer 66

Cerebrum/Cerebral Cortex

Question 67

Peaks on the cerebral cortex:

Answer 67

Sulci

Question 68

Valleys on the cerebral cortex:

Answer 68

Gyri

Question 69

Involved with speaking, making plans, judgements, goal setting and controls personality, stability and behavior:

Answer 69

Frontal Lobe

Question 70

The cortex that controls voluntary movements:

Answer 70

Motor Cortex

Question 71

Controls sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain:

Answer 71

Parietal Lobe

Question 72

Receives info about touch from sense organs:

Answer 72

Somatosensory Cortex

Question 73

Not related to sensory or motor function but are areas where higher level processing occurs; covers 3/4 of the entire cortex:

Answer 73

Association Areas

Question 74

Vision center for processing symbols, angles. shapes, shadows, and movements:

Answer 74

Occipital Lobe

Question 75

Hearing and speech center; contains olfactory area:

Answer 75

Temporal Lobe

Question 76

Involved in comprehension/interpreting auditory code:

Answer 76

Wernicke's Area

Question 77

Controls movement necessary for speech:

Answer 77

Broca's Area

Question 78

Impairment of language:

Answer 78

Aphasia

Question 79

Condition where familiar objects are unrecognizable:

Answer 79

Agnosia

Question 80

Can see various parts of the face but can't identify the person whose face it is:

Answer 80

Prosopagnosia

Question 81

The brain’s ability to modify itself after some type of injury or illness:

Answer 81

Plasticity

Question 82

Large band of neural fibers that link the right and left cerebral hemispheres; without this band of fibers, the two hemispheres cannot interact:

Answer 82

Corpus Callosum

Question 83

Condition in which the major connections between the two cerebral hempsiphers are severed:

Answer 83

Split Brain

Question 84

Consists of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream:

Answer 84

Endocrine System

Question 85

Chemical messengers that are produced in one tissue and circulate through the bloodstream to their target tissues on which they have special effects:

Answer 85

Hormones

Question 86

Produce epinephrine and norepinephrine:

Answer 86

Adrenal Glands

Question 87

Secretes thyroxine which affects metabolism:

Answer 87

Thyroid Gland

Question 88

Invented phrenology:

Answer 88

Franz Gall

Question 89

Placed an electrode in the hypothalamus discovering it is the pleasure center or reward center:

Answer 89

James Olds and Peter Milner

Question 90

Had damage to the frontal lobe:

Answer 90

Phineas Gage

Question 91

Divided brains of cats and monkeys to see if split-brain patients work; studied split brain patients:

Answer 91

Michael Gazzaniga and Roger Sperry