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AP Psychology > 2g. Altering Consciousness > Flashcards

2g. Altering Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

Combines refocusing attention with relaxation:

A

Meditation

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2
Q

A state of heightened suggestibility discovered by Anton Mesmer:

A

Hypnosis

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3
Q

Power resides in the subject’s openness to ______ and highly focused awareness, and intensified imagination:

A

Suggestion

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4
Q

This approach says consciousness is divided into two parts, each aware:

A

Divided Consciousness

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5
Q

Who created Divided Consciousness:

A

Ernest Hilgard

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6
Q

In divided consciousness, you are in a state of ________, or split between different levels of consciousness:

A

Dissociation

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7
Q

Playing a role while hypnotized just like an actor in a movie:

A

Social Influence Theory

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8
Q

What is the most common method of deliberately altering consciousness?

A

Ingesting psychoactive drugs

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9
Q

Psychoactive drugs affect nerve synapses and neurotransmitters in three ways:

A
  1. Bind with receptors and support action
  2. Block receptor sites to stop action
  3. Block reuptake of neurotransmitters
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10
Q

Diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the same effect:

A

Tolerance

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11
Q

Process whereby neurons increase or decrease the production of neurotransmitters in response to chemicals ingested:

A

Neuroadaption

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12
Q

Compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (gambling) despite adverse consequences:

A

Addiction

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13
Q

Discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior:

A

Withdrawal

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14
Q

The body becomes so accustomed to functioning in the presence of the drug that it cannot function without it. Absence of a drug may lead to feeling of physical pain and intense cravings:

A

Physiological Drug Dependence

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15
Q

People believe they need the drug to respond to stresses of daily living. Absence of a drug may lead to negative emotions or stress:

A

Psychological Drug Dependence

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16
Q

Why do people take drugs in the first place?
_______ _______ of the experience:

A

Perceived Pleasure

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17
Q

Why do people take drugs in the first place?
The drug induced high allows people to _____, at least temporarily, from daily pressures:

A

Escape

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18
Q

Why do people take drugs in the first place?
Influenced to use drugs by ___ _____ or ______:

A

Role Models or Peers

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19
Q

Why do people take drugs in the first place?
_____ of trying something new:

A

Thrill

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20
Q

Why do people take drugs in the first place?
_______ factors predispose some people to be more susceptible to drugs and addiction:

A

Genetic

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21
Q

People who are addicted…
Make _______ the primary reward rather than relationships, career, and family:

A

Substance

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22
Q

People who are addicted…
Ignore _____ memories from addiction and ignore positive memories before addiction:

A

Negative

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23
Q

People who are addicted…
Lack _____ _______ - frontal lobe inhibitor to make proper judgements

A

Impulse Control

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24
Q

Excite neural activity and speeds up body functions. Pupils dilate, heart and breathing rates increase. blood sugar levels rise causing appetite to drop:

A

Stimulants

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25
Q

Serotonin and Dopamine also rise:

A

Stimulants

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26
Q

Withdrawal symptoms:
Apathy, fatigue, depression, agitation

A

Stimulants

27
Q

What drugs are stimulants? (6)

A

Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Amphetamines
Meth
MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)

28
Q

-Most used drug in the world
-Average dose stays in your body for 3-4 hours
-Affects ADENOSINE, a central nervous system neuromodulator that has receptors to slow a person down and induce sleepiness, so caffeine slows down the impact of adenosine

A

Caffeine

29
Q

-Produces several reactions like increase in attentiveness, improvement in mood
-Too much can have adverse effects: anxiety, restlessness, insomnia in high doses, uncomfortable withdrawal

A

Caffeine

30
Q

-Highly addictive because of its soothing effects
-Increases adrenaline
-Imitates Ach by attaching to its receptor and increases dopamine making the smoker feel good 7 second after intake

A

Nicotine

31
Q

-Arouses brain’s alertness, reduces pain, increases heart rate and blood pressure, relaxes muscles, reduces stress, suppresses appetite
-Adverse effects: nervousness, drowsy, insomnia, weight gain, heart disease, and cancer

A

Nicotine

32
Q

-Blocks the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine because the cocaine stays in the synapse creating dopamine dependency, boosting confidence, and giving more energy
-Immediate rush followed by a crash

A

Cocaine

33
Q

-Crack produces a brief but more intense high followed by more intense crash
-Adverse effects: emotional disturbances, suspiciousness, convulsions, cardiac arrest, and more

A

Cocaine

34
Q

-Benzedrine or Dexedrine; street name is SPEED
-High potential for abuse and dependence
-Used to increase wakefulness and enhance cognitive performance by increasing concentration of DOPAMINE is synapes

A

Amphetamines

35
Q

-Sometimes used to treat ADHD (Adderall)
-Often abused by people who need to stay awake and is cheap and available
-Adverse effects: irregular heartbeat, anxiety, psychosis

A

Amphetamines

36
Q

-Illegal substance, “super” stimulant used as recreational drug, not medically prescribed
-Chemically like amphetamine but is methylated twice making it faster acting, more potent, and more dangerous

A

Meth

37
Q

-Can cause 8 hours or so of euphoria and increased energy
-Adverse effects: irritability, insomnia, hypertensions, seizures, social isolation, depression, and sometimes violent outbursts

A

Meth

38
Q

-Street name: Ecstasy or Molly
-A stimulant AND hallucinogen
-Feel effect about half an hour after taking and lasts for 3-4 hours

A

MDMA

39
Q

-Creates feelings of euphoria, increases sensitivity to light and touch, reduced inhibitions because it increases serotonin levels and blocks reabsorption while increasing norepinephrine and dopamine
-Has dehydrating effect, increases blood pressure, suppresses immune system, impairs memory, and disrupts sleep

A

MDMA

40
Q

What drugs are depressants? (4)

A

-Alcohol
-Barbiturates
-Narcotics
-Opiates and Opioids

41
Q

Effects: Anxiety reduction, impulsiveness, dramatic mood swings, odd thoughts, suicidal behavior, slurred speech, disorientation, slowed mental and physical functioning, limited attention span

A

Depressants

42
Q

Withdrawal symptoms: Weakness, restless, nausea and vomiting, irritable, depression, acute anxiety

A

Depressants

43
Q

Adverse/overdose reactions: Confusion, decrease response to pain, shallow respiration, dilated pupils, weak and rapid pulse

A

Depressants

44
Q

-Slows neural processing and thinking, impairs physical activity by reducing activity of prefrontal cortex
-Reduces self-awareness and impairs memory by preventing long term memories
-Intensifies GABA so speech is slurred and slow movements and reduces glutamate to slow reactions and judgement making

A

Alcohol

45
Q

-Affects balance and fine motor coordination
-In low doses, it has a relaxing effect, lowering tensions and inhibitions yet impairs concentration, slows reflexes and reaction time
-In medium doses, it slurs speech, makes you sleepy, and alters emotions
-In high doses, you vomit and your breathing is depressed causing comas or death

A

Alcohol

46
Q

-Sedatives or Tranquilizers that reduce anxiety or induce sleep but can impair memory and judgement
-Work to make receptor sites more efficient so they increase efficiency of GABA
-If combined with alcohol, can create total depressive effect of body functions that can be lethal

A

Barbiturates

47
Q

-Drugs that increase relaxation, relieve pain and anxiety

A

Narcotics

48
Q

Narcotics that are derived from natural substances like morphine and heroin which comes from poppy seed pods:

A

Opiates

49
Q

Synthetic narcotics such as Vicodin, Percode, fentanyl, and OxyContin:

A

Opioids

50
Q

Effects: reduction of anxiety and pain, difficulty in concentration, slowed speech, decreased physical activity, euphoria, pain reduction, shallow breathing, slow heartbeat, convulsions, cold clammy skin, confusion, death

Withdrawal Symptoms: Anxiety, vomiting, flu like symptoms, abdominal cramps

A

Narcotics

51
Q

Opium, morphine, codeine, heroin, Oxycontin, Vicodin Percocet, Fentanyl

A

Opiates and Opioids

52
Q

-Reducing neurotransmission and temporarily lessen pain and anxiety by reducing GABA that slows the release of dopamine. This allows dopamine to flow freely creating euphoria
-The body produces natural opiates to regulate pain. Outside opiates bind to the same sites and will stop the brain from producing dopamine and natural endorphins over time

A

Opiates and Opioids

53
Q

Inability to feel pleasure physically:

A

Anhedonia

54
Q

Psychedelics alter perceptions, thoughts, and feelings. They can even produce HALLUCINATIONS:

A

Hallucinogens

55
Q

-Many psychedelics are chemically like serotonin so blocks its action
-Effects: Euphoria, relaxed inhibitions increased appetite, disoriented behavior, vision and depth distortion, magnified feelings, paranoia, panic

A

Hallucinogens

56
Q

Withdrawal symptoms: depression, anxiety, sleepiness
Adverse/overdose reactions: panic, paranoia, fatigue,dangerous behavior, memory difficulties, dangerous behavior

A

Hallucinogens

57
Q

Leaves, stems, resin, or flowers from hemp plant that when smoked can lower inhibitions and produce relaxation and mild euphoria. When ingested, it can interfere with appetite, pain, cognition, and emotion:

A

Marijuana

58
Q

Active ingredient is THC:

A

Marijuana

59
Q

-Can stay in the body for a week or more so frequent users can achieve high with smaller amounts
-Chronic use can disrupt memory, lower attention, and impair learning ability

A

Marijuana

60
Q

-Accidentally created by Albert Hoffman
-Leads to an array of emotions from euphoria to detachment to panic
-Typical “trip” starts with spirals then goes to a more meaningful image with the hallucinations peaking with people feeling separated from their body and experience dreamlike scenes that can leave them panic-stricken or cause self-harm

A

LSD

61
Q

Help overcome shyness, make friends and fit in, rebelling against societal/parental norms, life changing situations like death, bullying, family problems:

A

Sociocultural factors

62
Q

Lack of purpose, sensation-seeking personalities,untreated mental illness:

A

Psychological Factors

63
Q

Genetic connection:

A

Brain Biology

AP Psychology (42 decks)

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