Operant and Observational Conditioning

Question 1

The type of learning in which behaviors are emitted to earn rewards or avoid punishments:

Answer 1

Operant Conditioning

Question 2

The type of learning in which behaviors are learned by observing a model:

Answer 2

Operational/Social Learning

Question 3

First psychologist to formulate the theory of operant conditioning:

Answer 3

E.L. Thorndike

Question 4

What did Thorndike call operant conditioning?

Answer 4

Instrumental Conditioning

Question 5

Rewarded behavior is likely to occur again:

Answer 5

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Question 6

Actions only incidentally tied to good results:

Answer 6

Superstitious Behaviors

Question 7

Thorndike created a _______ box to use with _____:

Answer 7

Puzzle; cats

Question 8

Father for operant conditioning:

Answer 8

B.F. Skinner

Question 9

Creator of the Operant Chamber:

Answer 9

Skinner

Question 10

A stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement:

Answer 10

Discriminative Stimulus

Question 11

Add a desirable stimulus:

Answer 11

Positive Reinforcement

Question 12

Remove an aversive stimulus NOT A PUNISHMENT:

Answer 12

Negative Reinforcement

Question 13

Innately satisfying:

Answer 13

Primary Reinforcer

Question 14

Gains power through its association with the primary reinforcer:

Answer 14

Secondary Reinforcer

Question 15

Used to increase a list of acceptable behaviors by earning _____:

Answer 15

Token

Question 16

Reinforcement should mean something to the individual:

Answer 16

Premack Principle

Question 17

Reinforcement that occurs instantly after a behavior:

Answer 17

Immediate Reinforcer

Question 18

A reinforcement that is delayed in time for a certain behavior:

Answer 18

Delayed Reinforcer

Question 19

We may be inclined to engage in _____ _______ reinforcers rather than ____ _____;

Answer 19

Small; immediate; large; delayed

Question 20

Response is reinforced every time it occurs:

Answer 20

Continuous Reinforcement

Question 21

Reinforcing only some responses:

Answer 21

Partial Reinforcement

Question 22

Results in slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction:

Answer 22

Partial Reinforcement

Question 23

Reinforcement after a set # of responses:

Answer 23

Fixed-Ratio

Question 24

HIGH rates of responding:

Answer 24

Fixed-Ratio

Question 25

Reinforcement after a set amount of time has lapsed:

Answer 25

Fixed-Interval

Question 26

Reinforcement after average/unpredictable number of responses:

Answer 26

Variable-Ratio

Question 27

HIGH, STEADY rates of resonding:

Answer 27

Variable-Ratio

Question 28

Reinforcement after an unpredictable amount of time:

Answer 28

Variable-Interval

Question 29

The WORST type of reinforcement:

Answer 29

Variable-Interval

Question 30

Administer an aversive/undesired stimulus:

Answer 30

Positive Punishment

Question 31

Remove a desired stimulus:

Answer 31

Negative Punishment

Question 32

An organism learns to perform an operation to terminate an ongoing, aversive stimulus:

Answer 32

Escape Conditioning

Question 33

Similar to escape conditioning but includes a conditioned stimulus and is preventive in nature:

Answer 33

Avoidance Conditioning

Question 34

Occurs when successive approximations of a behavior are rewarded so that the organism eventually produces the desired behavior:

Answer 34

Shaping

Question 35

Observed/Experienced through someone else and learning happens:

Answer 35

Vicarious Punishment/Reinforcement

Question 36

May result from a situation where there is no contingency between behaviors and conseqences:

Answer 36

Learned Helplessness

Question 37

A mental representation of the layout of one's environment:

Answer 37

Cognitive Map

Question 38

Cognitive maps are based on _____ _____:

Answer 38

Latent Learning

Question 39

Learning that occurs but isn't show until an incentive is given:

Answer 39

Latent Learning

Question 40

Who proposed the theory of latent learning?

Answer 40

Edward C. Tolman

Question 41

A relatively sudden solution comes to mind to a probem:

Answer 41

Insight Learning

Question 42

Who studied insight learning with chimps?

Answer 42

Wolfgang Kohler

Question 43

Desire to perform behavior for its own sake and to be effective:

Answer 43

Intrinsic Motivation

Question 44

Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment:

Answer 44

Extrinsic Motivation

Question 45

The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do:

Answer 45

Overjustification

Question 46

Skinner argued that behaviors were shaped by _____ influences:

Answer 46

External

Question 47

The process of showing how something is done and then replicating the action:

Answer 47

Modeling

Question 48

Frontal lobe nerves that fire when performing certain actions of when observing another doing so:

Answer 48

Mirror Neurons

Question 49

Pioneering researcher of Social Learning Theory:

Answer 49

Albert Bandura

Question 50

Known for Bobo doll experiment:

Answer 50

Bandura

Question 51

Constructive, helpful behavior. It can prompt similar behaviors in others:

Answer 51

Proscial Behavior

Question 52

Belief by Bandura that the environment influences the organism and its cognition which in turn influences the environment:

Answer 52

Reciprocal Determinism

Question 53

Believes we can explain human behavior beyond social learning:

Answer 53

Social Cognitive Theory

Question 54

The degree to which a person believes in his or her own ability to complete tasks or reach goals and influence situations:

Answer 54

Self-Efficacy