Social Psychology (Unit 13) Flashcards
The study of how groups and cultures shape our perceptions, attitudes, and behavior:
Social Psychology
Looks at how social and situational factors can influence us in both positive and negative ways:
Social Psych
Research by social psychologists have raised _____ questions - use deception and manipulation to get as accurate results as possible:
Ethical
General term for two or more individuals sharing common goals and interests, interacting, and influencing each other’s behavior:
Group Dynamics
Implicit or explicit rules that apply to all members of a group and govern acceptable behavior and attitudes:
Norms
A set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave:
Roles
Experiment was ended on the 6th day to preserve the participants’ well-being:
1972 Stanford Prison Experiment
Who ran the 1972 Stanford Prison Experiment?
Philip Zimbardo
“Slacker”; when working in groups, this person leaves the work for the other members who take on the leadership role because group assessments are being made:
Self-Loafing
While working in groups, we lose some self awareness and engage in behavior that is unusual or uncharacteristic for us because of this group anonymity:
Deindividuation
Tendency to perform well-learned tasks better in front of others:
Social Facilitation
When first learning a task, performing it in front of others lead to someone not doing a good job:
Social Impairment
Decisions reached by a group are often more extreme than those made by any single individual:
Group Polarization
Disastrous sequence of group polarization when group members are so driven to reach unanimous decision that they no longer truly evaluate the repercussions or implications of their decisions:
Groupthink
A group who takes responsibility for criticizing or ostracizing members who do not agree with the rest of the group:
Mind Guard
The person who thinks differently than everyone else can sway the opinions of others:
Minority Infleunce
We tend to give a casual explanation for someone’s behavior:
Attribution
One that holds an individual responsible for his/her behavior:
Dispositional Attribution
One that looks at factors from the environment to explain why someone acts the way that they did:
Situational Attribution
Phenomenon in which an initial understanding that a person has positive/negative traits is used to infer other uniformly positive/negative characteristics:
Halo Effect
We attribute our achievements and successes to personal stable causes and our failures to situational factors:
Self-Serving Bias
Tendency to underestimate the impact of situational factors and overestimate the impact of personal factors when assessing why other people acted the way they did:
Fundamental Attribution Error
Belief that people get what they deserve:
Just-World Hypothesis
Tendency to let our preconceived expectations of others influence how we treat them, thus bringing about the very behavior we expected to come true:
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Teachers were told to expect certain students to be smart, so the teachers treated those students differently:
“Bloomer Study” or the Rosenthal Effect
Who ran the Bloomer Study?
Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobsen
First impression:
Primacy Effect
Change their first impression due to new evidence:
Recency Effect
Incorrect inference about behavior:
Misattribution
Individuals’ tendency to believe that they are more similar to others in attitudes or behaviors than is actually the case:
False Consensus Effect
Tendency to underestimate the extent to which they are similar to others:
False Uniqueness Effect
Tendency for people to discount the likelihood of one cause for behavior when they are strongly aware of another cause:
Discounting
Anytime 2+ groups come in conflict with each other, the potential for conflict or cooperation arises:
Interpersonal Perception
Mental schemas society attributes uncritically to different groups:
Stereotypes
An unjustified negative attitude an individual has for another based solely on that persons’ membership in a group; often used on bias or stereotypes and often caused by social learning and/or motivation theory:
Prejudice
Occurs when prejudiced attitudes result in unjustified behavior toward members of that group:
Discrimination
When our self-worth is in doubt or in jeopardy, we become frustrated and find others to blame:
Scapegoat Theory
Basic belief that our culture is superior to others:
Ethnocentrism
Leads to in-group/out-group belief system that is based on limited info about others:
Ethnocentrism
Proposes that equal statues contact between antagonistic groups should lower tension and increase harmony:
Contact Theory
Used by social psychologists offer a solution to group conflicts:
Contact Theory
Split 20 boys into two groups and allowed each group to bond or a week then engaged in competitive games against the other group which lead to fights:
Muzafer Sherif’s Boys’ Camp Study
Created a superoridnate goal/emergency situation that required joint cooperation of both groups to solve:
Muzafer Sherif’s Boys’ Camp Study
Created by Elliott Aronson and Alex Gonzalez:
Jigsaw Classoom
Integration of Mexican-American students into Texas public schools; sterotypes disapperad and self-concept and performance improved:
Jigsaw Classroom
A framework that provides an understanding for how to strike a balance between cooperation and competition, and can be useful in strategic decision-making:
Prisoners Dilemma
Changing one’s behavior to make it agree with the attitudes of a group:
Conformity
Participants knowingly gave wrong answers to gain social approval of other subjects:
Solomon Asch’s Conformity Study
Giving into the requests of others even at our own expense:
Compliance
Tendency to comply with a large request if we have previously complied with a smaller request:
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
You do something for me, I do something for you:
Reciprocity
Someone offers an initially cut-rate price, but then “ups the ante” with additional costs we assumed were included:
Low-Ball Technique
Someone makes a very large request we are almost certain to refuse and follows this up with a smaller one later on which we comply with due to guilt:
Door-in-the-Face Technique
Ordinary people who are not hostile can become agents of destruction when ordered to commit acts by someone they perceive as a legitimate authority figure:
Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Study
Learned predispositions to respond in a favorable or unfavorable way to a specific object, person, or event:
Attitude
Repeated exposure to novel stimulus increase the liking of the stimulus:
Mere Exposure Effect
Speaker uses facts, figures, and other information to enable the listener to carefully process the information and think about their opinions:
Central Route to Persuasion
Superficial information is used to distract the audience to win favorable approval of their product:
Peripheral Route to Persuasion
Scale in which subjects are asked how strongly they agree or disagree on each topic:
Likert Scale
Attitudes are influenced by restrictions on behavior to which people react:
Reactance Theory
Situations in which individual rewards come into conflict with the optimal outcome for the group:
Social Trap
Tension that results from holding conflicting beliefs, attitudes, opinions, and values or when our actions do not coincide with these cognitions:
Cognitive Dissonance
Woman attacked and stabbed at her apartment complex and no one helped or called the police:
Kitty Genovese Story
Reduce the sense of personal responsibility that one feels to help another in need and increases in proportion to the size of the group present:
Diffusion of Responsibility Phenomenon
Reluctance to act in front of others:
Audience Inhibition
You interpret that others lack of action means there is no emergency:
Pluralistic Ignorance
Helpful, selfless behavior:
Altruism
Expectation that people, especially authority figures, help others even at a cost to them:
Social Responsibility Norm
Tendency to like those who like us:
Reciprocity Effect
State of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal, psychological interest, and caring for the needs of the other:
Passionate/Romantic Love
Strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deepy involved:
Companionate Love
Act of delivering an aversive stimulus to an unwilling victim or an attempt to strike out against something or someone seen as the cause of the discomfort:
Aggression
Purpose to satisfy some goal behavior or benefit by harming someone else:
Instrumental Aggression
Results when a person feels pain, anger, or frustration; has an emotional connection:
Hostile Aggression
When one is prevented or inhibited from reaching a goal they will experience frustration and react with aggression:
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Freud and Lorenz believe aggression is an ____:
Instinct
Other theorists believe aggression is a _____ normative behavior:
Learned
