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AP Biology > Unit 5- Meiosis > Flashcards

Unit 5- Meiosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

meiosis

A

produces gametes and reduces diploid number by 1/2 to produce haploid gametes

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2
Q

sexual reproduction

A

haploid cells fuse in fertilization resulting in a diploid zygote, 2 parents, offspring has unique combination of genes, vary genetically from parents

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3
Q

interphase 1

A

chromosomes replicate set of identical sister chromatids formed

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4
Q

prophase 1

A

chromosomes condense, set of sister chromatids pairs forming set of 4 non sister chromatids which cross over, crossed sections exchanged forming new allele combination, cell prepares for division of nucleus

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5
Q

metaphase 1

A

sets of 4 chromatids line up at the center, spindle fibers attach

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6
Q

anaphase 1

A

spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart chromatids remain attached

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7
Q

telophase 1

A

each pole has haploid sets of chromosomes, each chromosome has 2 chromatids

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8
Q

prophase 2

A

chromosomes still paired as sister chromatids, spindle fibers form

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9
Q

metaphase 2

A

sister chromatid pairs line up at the middle, spindle fibers attach to centromeres

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10
Q

anaphase 2

A

centromeres holding chromosomes separate move along spindle fibers to ends of cell

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11
Q

telophase 2

A

nuclear membranes form around each haploid set of chromosomes, cells divide into 4

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12
Q

asexual reproduction

A

offspring are clones

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13
Q

homologous pair

A

2 chromosomes of a pair with the same length centromere position, carry genes controlling same inherited characters

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14
Q

alteration of generations

A

plants/algae, both diploid and haploid stages are multicellular alternating between sporophyte and gametophyte (gametes produced) generation

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15
Q

crossing over

A

dna molecules of non sister chromatids broken by proteins and rejoined to each other

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16
Q

genetic variation

A

independent assortment of chromosomes, crossing over, random fertilization

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17
Q

alleles

A

different versions of genes

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18
Q

independent assortment

A

homologous pairs on metaphase plate orient with either maternal or paternal homolog closest to the pole, determines cell gets m/p

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19
Q

meiosis

A

pairing of homologs, crossing over, homologs at metaphase plate, not individual chromosomes, separation of homologs not chromatids (A1)

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20
Q

metaphase I

A

independent assortment, homologous pairs on M plate, each pair can orient with either maternal or paternal homolog closest to the pole, 50% chance cell will get maternal or paternal chromosome

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21
Q

crossing over produces

A

recombinant chromosomes, both maternal/paternal

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22
Q

gamete cells

A

haploid, contain single set of un paired chromosomes

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23
Q

incomplete dominance

A

no allele dominant over the other, pink flowers

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24
Q

codominance

A

traits of both alleles expressed, AB blood

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25
Q

multiples alleles

A

ex: antigens in blood

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26
Q

polygenic traits

A

traits controlled by multiple genes, eyes, skin

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27
Q

prokaryotes and eukaryotes both contain

A

genetic information and ribosomes

28
Q

character

A

heritable feature that varies among individuals

29
Q

trait

A

variants of a charater

30
Q

law of segregation

A

2 alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

31
Q

what accounts for variations in inherited characters

A

alternate versions of genes (alleles)

32
Q

law of independent assortment

A

2 or more genes assort independently, each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair during gamete formation

33
Q

multiplication rule

A

to determine probability of 1 event by probability of other event multiply their probabilities together

34
Q

addition rule

A

probability that any of 2+ mutually exclusive events will occur (one or the other) add individual probabilities

35
Q

pleiotrophy

A

genes have multiple phenotrophic effects

36
Q

epistasis

A

phenotypic expression for a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locus

37
Q

quantitative characters

A

non discrete characters vary along gradients in a continuum (height) indicates polygenetic inheritance, additive effect of 2+ genes on a single phenotypic character

38
Q

genomic imprinting

A

some traits depend on which parent passed on the allele, not sex-linked traits, causes to be expressed or not depending on if it was inherited from mother/father

39
Q

non-nuclear inheritance

A

some genes located on organelles, mitochondria

40
Q

mendelian genetics

A

sex of parent does not matter

41
Q

chromosome theory of inheretance

A

mendelian genes have specific loci along chromosomes and the chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment

42
Q

sperm meiosis

A

produces half with x half with y

43
Q

barr body

A

females have twice x chromosomes, one becomes inactivated- genes not expressed, half cells one x/allele, half, other x

44
Q

linked genes

A

located near each other tend to be inherited together

45
Q

recombinant types

A

new combinations of traits

46
Q

phenotype plasticity

A

same genotype expressed in different ways in different environments

47
Q

dominance

A

does not override recessive, recessive still has functional gene products

48
Q

mutation

A

change in genetic material

49
Q

sister chromatids are genetically identical if

A

no mutation occurs

50
Q

how does an allele cause a genetic disorder

A

codes for a malfunctioning protein or no protein at all

51
Q

germ line mutations

A

occur in reproductive cells and ends up being carried by gametes

52
Q

mutagens

A

physical/chemical agents that interact with DNA to cause mutations

53
Q

random mutations are the source of

A

all new alleles

54
Q

nondisjunction

A

members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move a part properly during meiosis 1 or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis 2

55
Q

aneuploidy

A

zygote has abnormal number of a particular chromosome

56
Q

monosomic

A

diploid cell that has only one copy of a chromosome instead of 2

57
Q

trisomic

A

diploid cell has 3 copies of a chromosome instead of 2

58
Q

polyploidy

A

organism possesses more than 2 complete chromosome sets

59
Q

deletion

A

chromosomal fragment is lost

60
Q

duplication

A

repeats a segment

61
Q

inversion

A

reverses a segment

62
Q

translocation

A

moves a segment from one chromosome to a non homologous chromosome

63
Q

reciprocal translocation

A

non homologous chromosomes exchange fragments

64
Q

non reciprocal

A

transfers, receives non in return

65
Q

unequal crossing over produces

A

one chromosome with deletion and the other one with duplication

AP Biology (26 decks)

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