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AP Biology > 1.4 > Flashcards

1.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

most structurally diverse macromolecule

A

proteins

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2
Q

enzymatic proteins

A

selective acceleration of chemical reactions, act as catalysts, chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions (lactase)

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3
Q

defensive proteins

A

protection against disease (antibodies)

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4
Q

storage proteins

A

storage of amino acids (store proteins in seeds)

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5
Q

transport proteins

A

transport of substance (mol) around body(hemoglobin)

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6
Q

hormonal proteins

A

coordination of an organism’s activities (insulin), messenger proteins

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7
Q

receptor proteins

A

response of cell to chemical stimuli (receptors)

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8
Q

contractile and motor proteins

A

movement (cilia, flagella), muscle movement

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9
Q

structural proteins

A

support (keratin), (collagen)

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10
Q

peptide bond

A

bond between amino acids, covalent bond between carboxyl group on 1 amino acid and amino group on another formed by dehydration reaction (produces polypeptide)

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11
Q

polypeptide

A

polymer of amino acids

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12
Q

protein

A

biologically functional molecule made up of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific 3 D structure

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13
Q

amino acid

A

organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups, monomers of polypeptides

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14
Q

space filling model

A

emphasizes overall globular shape

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15
Q

ribbon model

A

shows polypeptide backbone

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16
Q

wire frame model

A

shows polypeptide backbone with side chain

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17
Q

primary structure

A

sequence of amino acids

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18
Q

secondary structure

A

coils and folds result of hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of polypeptide backbone

19
Q

a helix

A

coil held by hydrogen bonding between every 4th amino acid (hair)

20
Q

b pleated sheet

A

2 or more segments of polypeptide chin lying side by side connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of 2 parallel segments or polypeptide backbone (spider silk)

21
Q

tertiary tructure

A

overall shape of polypeptide resulting from interactions between side chains (R)

22
Q

hydrophobic interaction

A

polypeptide folds into functional shape, aa w/hydrophobic side chains end up in clusters at core of protein out of contact with water

23
Q

disulfide bridges

A

further reinforce shape, 2 cysteine monomers brought together by folding sulfur of one bond to other

24
Q

quaternary structure

A

2 or more polypeptide chains in one macromolecule, protein structure that results from aggregation of polypeptide subunits

25
Q

sickle-cell disease

A

inherited blood disorder caused by change in primary structure

26
Q

denaturation

A

protein loses shape due to disruption of weak chemical bonds becoming biologically inactive

27
Q

gene

A

discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

28
Q

nucleic acid

A

polymers made of monomers called nucleotides, blueprint for proteins, DNA and RNA

29
Q

DNA

A

double stranded helix, each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar and nitrogenous base, determines protein structure

30
Q

RNA

A

consists of polynucleotide made of nucleotide monomers with ribose sugar and nitrogenous base, single stranded, protein synthesis

31
Q

gene expression

A

process by which info encoded in DNA directs synthesis of proteins

32
Q

polynucleotide

A

nucleic acids exist as polymers called polynucleotides, many nucleotide monomers in a chain

33
Q

nuclotide

A

building block of nucleic acid, 5 carbon sugar covalently bonded to nitrogenous base, 1-3 phosphate groups

34
Q

nitrogenous base

A

1-2 rings that include nitrogen atoms

35
Q

pyrimidine

A

1 6-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (C,T,U)

36
Q

purines

A

1 6-membered ring fused to a 5-membered ring (A,G)

37
Q

linkage of nucleotides into polynucleotide involves…

A

condensation reaction

38
Q

phosphodiester linkage

A

how adjacent nucleotides are joined, phosphate group covalently links sugars of 2 nuc. results in sugar-phosphate backbone

39
Q

double helix

A

2 adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands around imaginary axis

40
Q

antiparallel

A

sugar phosphate backbones in DNA double helix, opposite 5’-3’ directions

41
Q

strands held by hydrogen bonds

A

A-T, G-C

42
Q

mRNA

A

carries info from DNA to ribosome

43
Q

tRNA

A

bind specific amino acid, allow mRNA info to be translated to linear peptide sequences

44
Q

rRNA

A

functional building blocks of ribosomes

AP Biology (26 decks)

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