Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Biology > 1.2 Textbook > Flashcards

1.2 Textbook Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of matter that retains properties of element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

protons

A

positive charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

neutrons

A

no charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is in the atomic nucleus

A

protons and neutrons (about same mass)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

electron

A

negative charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

dalton

A

also known as atomic mass unit (amu), unit of measurement for subatomic particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in nucleus, unique for each element, shown with subscript

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mass number

A

total number of protons and neutrons in atom’s nucleus (superscript), subtract atomic number from mass number to get neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where is most of the atomic mass

A

in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

isotopes

A

one of several atomic forms of an element, same number of protons, different number of neutrons, diff atomic mass, behave identically in chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

decay

A

tendency to lose subatomic particles (unstable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

radioactive isotope

A

unstable isotope, nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does radioactive decay lead to

A

when radioactive decay leads to a change in protons, it transforms atom to different element, ex: neutron decays into proton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how do cells use radioactive atoms

A

cells use radioactive atoms just like nonradioactive isotopes, can damage cellular molecules, used in safe amounts for medical scans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do atoms mostly consist of

A

empty space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

energy

A

capacity to cause change, ex through work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

work

A

move matter against opposing force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

potential energy

A

energy matter posses as a result of location or spatial arrangement (structure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does matter have the natural tendency to do

A

move towards the lowest state of potential energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where does electron pe come from

A

distance from nucleus, negatively charged electrons attracted to positive nucleus, most distant from nucleus, more pe, pe determined by energy levels, not between, work used to move e further from nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

electron shells

A

energy level of e at characteristic average distance from nucleus, energy is needed for electron to be at higher shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does an electron move to a new shell

A

by absorbing/losing amount of energy equal to distance in potential energy between position and new shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the chemical behavior of an atom determined by

A

number of electrons (valence electrons) in outer most shell (valence shell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

periodic table rows/periods

A

sequential number of shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

periodic columns

A

addition of protons and electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

unreactive/inert

A

atom with completed shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

chemical reactions

A

making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

products

A

resulting materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

reactants

A

starting materials

30
Q

reversable

A

all reactions are reversable

31
Q

what is the rate of a reaction affected by

A

concentration of reactants, greater concentration, more opportunity to react and make products

32
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

state in which rate of forward reaction = rate of reverse so that relative concentrations of reactants and products don’t change with time (not necessary equal concentrations to each other)

33
Q

organic compound

A

chemical compound containing carbon

34
Q

macromolecules

A

a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction, includes polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids

35
Q

large molecules of all living things fall into 4 categories:

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

36
Q

carbon usually forms what bonds

A

single or double, enables carbon to form large complex molecules

37
Q

valence

A

number of covalent bonds atom can form

38
Q

CO2 is considered

A

inorganic, lacks hydrogen even though it contains C

39
Q

what do carbon chains form

A

skeletons of most organic molecules: straight, branched, closed rings

40
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic molecules consisting of only H and C, framework for more complex molecules

41
Q

isomers

A

compounds that have same number of atoms but different structures and properties (same mol formula diff structure)

42
Q

structural isomers

A

differ in covalent arrangement of atoms

43
Q

cis-trans isomers

A

C has covalent bonds to same atoms, differ in spatial arrangements around double bonds (flipped)

44
Q

enantiomeres

A

isomers that are mirror images and differ in shape due to asymmetric carbon

45
Q

functional groups

A

specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions, ex: phosphate, hydroxyl, amino

46
Q

ATP

A

adenosine attached to three phosphate groups, adenine containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed (reacts with water)

47
Q

biochemical cycle

A

flow of chemical elements and compounds between living organisms and the physical environment

48
Q

precipitation

A

any form of water that falls from the sky

49
Q

condensation

A

water vapor in the atmosphere can condense to form clouds, water vapor collects around particles in the atmosphere eventually forming water droplets

50
Q

evaporation

A

the addition of energy to a group of water molecules can cause motion between particles to increase, changes state of water from liquid to gas

51
Q

transpiration

A

release of water vapor from plants into atmosphere

52
Q

infiltration

A

when water enters the soil, used by plants and animals or part of groundwater supply

53
Q

groundwater

A

water stored in the ground

54
Q

carbon cycle

A

organisms use carbon to build important organic molecules

55
Q

what is carbon essential for

A

for molecules used in cell formation and energy storage

56
Q

atmosphere

A

found in co2

57
Q

ground

A

burning fossil fuels releases co2

58
Q

sediment

A

dead things become fossil fuel

59
Q

sea

A

carbon makes shells

60
Q

decomposing living things

A

carbon stored in rocks and soil

61
Q

diffusion

A

air passes over water, carbon taken and stored in air

62
Q

carbon found in

A

photosynthesis, respiration, carbon rich water, all living things

63
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

nitrogen as a gas is not usable, must undergo chemical reactions

64
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

process that converts nitrogen gas to usable form through lightning or biological fixation

65
Q

(N) lightning fixation

A

electrical energy becomes chemical energy when lightning converts nitrogen gas to nitric oxide to nitrites (NO2) or nitrates (NO3)

66
Q

(N) denitrification

A

reduction of nitrates back into nitrogen gas (N2) by anaerobic bacteria in the soil

67
Q

(N) ammonification

A

process through which bacteria/fungi convert nitrogen within dead/waste product into ammonium (NH4), converts proteins and biological molecules to ammonia (NH3) which dissolves in H20 in the soil to become NH4 or undergoes nitrification to form nitrites and nitrates for plants to use

68
Q

(N) nitrification

A

process by which bacteria in the soil convert ammonia to nitrites or nitrates, ammonia produced by nitrogen fixation but plants prefer nitrites/nitrates as nitrogen and oxygen source

69
Q

(N) biological fixation

A

bacteria in plant nodules of legumes convert N2 to NH3 (ammonia)

70
Q

(N) diffusion

A

random movement of atoms, molecules, or ions from one medium to another, precipitation falls and collects N in atmosphere and brings to land and ocean

71
Q

(N) assimilation

A

conversion of nitrates or ammonium ions from soil into nitrogen compounds for plant cells, plant enzymes reduce nitrogen compound to other compounds, animals eat plants for amino acids for protein synthesis

AP Biology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions