3.3

Question 1

catabolic pathways

Answer 1

metabolic pathways that break down complex molecules to release stored energy

Question 2

what is atp made of

Answer 2

adenine, 5 carbon sugar (ribose), and chain of 3 phosphate groups

Question 3

why is ADP stored

Answer 3

easier for the cell to store, add phosphate to recharge cell

Question 4

long term energy storage

Answer 4

starch, glucose and fat molecules provide long term energy storage that can be released by chemical reactions to reform ATP

Question 5

metabolism

Answer 5

the totality of an organisms chemical reactions

Question 6

metabolic pathway

Answer 6

series of chemical reactions that either builds or breaks down complex molecules

Question 7

anabolic pathway

Answer 7

consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones

Question 8

bioenergetics

Answer 8

study of how energy flows through living organisms

Question 9

energy

Answer 9

capacity to cause change

Question 10

kinetic energy

Answer 10

energy associated with relative motion of objects

Question 11

thermal energy

Answer 11

kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

Question 12

heat

Answer 12

thermal energy in transfer from 1 object to another

Question 13

potential energy

Answer 13

energy matter possesses because of location or structure

Question 14

chemical energy

Answer 14

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

Question 15

thermodynamics

Answer 15

energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

Question 16

1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 16

matter cant be created or destroyed

Question 17

entropy

Answer 17

measure of molecular disorder or randomness

Question 18

2nd law of thermodymics

Answer 18

every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe

Question 19

spontaneous process

Answer 19

occurs without overall input of energy

Question 20

free energy

Answer 20

portion of systems energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system

Question 21

chemical equilibrium

Answer 21

forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, no further net charge

Question 22

exergonic reaction

Answer 22

spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy

Question 23

endergonic reactions

Answer 23

non spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from surroundings

Question 24

chemical work

Answer 24

pushing of endergonic reactions that would not occur spontaneously

Question 25

transport work

Answer 25

pumping of substances across membrane against direction of spontaneous movement

Question 26

mechanical work

Answer 26

beating of cilia, contortion of muscle

Question 27

energy coupling

Answer 27

use of exergonic process to drive endergonic one

Question 28

phosphorylated intermediate

Answer 28

molecule with phosphate group covalently bound to it making more reactive

Question 29

what does atp hydrolysis lead to

Answer 29

change in a proteins shape and ability to bind to other molecules

Question 30

fermentation

Answer 30

partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel without the use of oxygen

Question 31

aerobic respiration

Answer 31

oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel, organic compounds and oxygen -> CO2 + H20+ Energy

KREBS CYCLE

Question 32

cellular respiration

Answer 32

the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of atp

Question 33

redox reactions

Answer 33

chemical reaction involving complete or partial transfer of 1 or more electrons from one reactant to another (oxidation-reduction reactions)

Question 34

oxidation

Answer 34

complete or partial loss or electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction

Question 35

reduction

Answer 35

complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction

Question 36

Xe-

Answer 36

reducing agent, electron donor in a redox reaction, it reduces y, which accepts donated electrons

Question 37

Y

Answer 37

e- acceptor, oxidizing agent

Question 38

oxidizing agent

Answer 38

oxidizes Xe- by removing its e-

Question 39

how is energy harnessed efficiently

Answer 39

glucose is broken down in a series of steps, each one catalyzed by an enzyme rather than all at once, at key steps, electrons are stripped from the glucose

Question 40

NAD+

Answer 40

traps electrons through enzymes called dehydrogenases, remove pair of hydrogen atoms, oxidizing it, enzyme delivers 2e- and 1 proton to coenzyme NAD+ forming NADH, other proton released

Question 41

electron transport chain

Answer 41

sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP

Question 42

ETC process

Answer 42

glucose -> NADH -> ETC -> oxygen

Question 43

3 stages of cellular respiration

Answer 43

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation + citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation: ETC + chemiosmosis

Question 44

glycolysis

Answer 44

occurs in the cytosol, begins the degradation process by breaking glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate, pyruvate enters mitochondrion and is oxidized to compound called acetylcoA which enters citric acid cycle (krebs), there breakdown of glucose to CO2 is completed

Question 45

citric acid cycle

Answer 45

metabolic breakdown of glucose to CO2, occurs in mitochondria, used to make ATP

Question 46

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 46

produces 90% of ATP, production of ATP using energy derived from redox reactions of ETC

Question 47

substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 47

enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from intermediate substrate in catabolism