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ap biology > 2.8 > Flashcards

2.8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

membrane bound organelles

A

eukaryotic cells, concentrate and separate enzymes and reactants in a lesser volume, increasing productivity of chemical reactions

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2
Q

describe prokaryotes

A

unicellular and small, organized, has a cell wall, small, dna in nucleoid, single ring chromosome, cell division by budding or fission, no membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

what does the prokaryotic cell wall do (3)

A

maintains shape, protects cell, prevents cell from bursting

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4
Q

what do bacterial cell walls contain

A

peptidoglycan- polymer composed of modified sugars cross linked by short polypeptides

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5
Q

gram positive bacteria

A

simple cell walls composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan

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6
Q

gram negative bacteria

A

more resistant to drugs, less peptidoglycan and structurally more complex- outer membrane (protects from body’s defenses) that contains lipopolysaccharaides (carbs bonded to lipids- toxic)

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7
Q

capsule

A

sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds cell wall of prokaryote

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8
Q

endospores

A

cell produces copy of chromosome surrounded by multilayered structure water is removed and metabolism halts (harsh conditions)

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9
Q

how do prokaryotes stick to things

A

they stick to a substrate or one another by means of hair like appendages called fimbriae (shorter and more numerous than pili)

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10
Q

taxis

A

directed movement to or from a stimulus (ex flagella)

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11
Q

are flagella similar in different types of organisms

A

different in bacteria, archae, and eukaryotes

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12
Q

bacterial flagellum

A

evolved in steps, main parts: motor hook and filament composed of 42 different kinds of proteins

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13
Q

exaptation

A

process in which structures originally adapted for 1 function take on another

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14
Q

prokaryote organization

A

prokaryote cells lack complex compartmentalization associated with organelles but some prokaryotes have specialized membranes that perform metabolic functions

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15
Q

prokaryote chromosome and where it is located

A

prokaryotes typically have 1 circular chromosome and lack a nucleus, chromosome located in nucleoid region of cytoplasm not membrane enclosed

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16
Q

plasmids

A

smaller rings of independently replicating DNA molecules

17
Q

phototrophs

A

energy from light

18
Q

chemotrophs

A

energy from chemicals

19
Q

autotrophs

A

only need carbon dioxide or related carbon source

20
Q

heterotrophs

A

require at least 1 organic nutrient

21
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

catabolic pathway in which inorganic molecules other than oxygen accept electrons at downhill end of electron transport chains (respiration not requiring oxygen)

22
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

process of some prokaryotes to convert nitrogen to ammonia

23
Q

metabolic cooperation

A

cooperation between prokaryotic cells allows them to use resources they can’t individually use together (photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation), can be done through a filament (connected cells)

24
Q

heterocyst

A

specialized cell that engaged in nitrogen fixation in filamentous cyanobacteria

25
Q

biofilms

A

surface coating colony of its species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation

26
Q

binary fission

A

single prokaryote cell divides- 2 cells divide

27
Q

endosymbiosis definition

A

symbiotic relationship in which 1 organism lives inside the body of another

28
Q

explain the steps of endosymbiosis

A

eukaryotes- archaeal cell engulfed bacterium (mitochondrion)

29
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

theory that mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts) originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by host cells and evolved into single organism

30
Q

serial endosymbiosis

A

mitochondria developed before plastids (chloroplasts)

31
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryote cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell

32
Q

describe eukaryotes

A

large, membrane bound organelles, 1 or more linear chromosomes, mitosis/meiosis

33
Q

what features do mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common with prokaryotic cells

A

contain their own DNA in circular formation, contain their own ribosomes, responsible for their own reproduction

34
Q

what type of transport is endocytosis

A

active transport

35
Q

cotransport

A

secondary active transport that uses the energy from an electrochemical gradient to transport two different ions across the membrane through a protein

36
Q

symport

A

two different ions transported in the same direction

37
Q

antiport

A

two different ions transported in opposite directions

ap biology (26 decks)

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