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AP Biology > 4.1-4.3 > Flashcards

4.1-4.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

selective permeability

A

regulation of substances across membrane

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2
Q

cell junctions

A

directly connect cytoplasms of adjacent cells (gap/plasmodesmata)

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3
Q

synaptic signaling

A

nervous system, electrical signal moving along nerve cell triggers secretion of neurotransmitters across a synapse

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4
Q

hormones

A

long distance signaling, secreted chemicals formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, act on target cells changing cells functioning, 3 steps: reception, transduction, response

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5
Q

reception

A

target cells detection of signaling molecule outside the cell, detected when signaling molecule binds to receptor protein

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6
Q

transduction

A

converts signal to form that can bring about cellular response- signal transduction pathway

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7
Q

signal transduction pathway

A

series of steps linking mechanical, chemical, or electrical stimulus to specific cellular response

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8
Q

response

A

cellular activity

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9
Q

ligand

A

fits in receptor protein (signal molecule)< molecule that binds specifically to another molecule

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10
Q

G protein- coupled receptor (GPCR)

A

responds to binding of signaling molecule by activating G protein (used by epinephrine, hormones, neurotransmitters)

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11
Q

G protein

A

relays signals from GPCR to other signal transduction proteins in cell, binds to energy rich GTP, similar to ATP, many diseases from caused by bacterial toxins interfering with G protein function

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12
Q

ligand-gated ion channel

A

transmembrane protein containing pore that opens and closes as it changes shape in response to signaling molecule (ligand)

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13
Q

how do neurotransmitters work in the ligand-gated ion channel

A

neurotransmitter molecules released at a synapse between 2 nerve cells and bind as ligands to ion channels on receiving cell, causing channels to open

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14
Q

how molecules reach a receptor

A

signaling molecule passes through plasma membrane, steroid and thyroid hormones can do this because they are hydrophobic

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15
Q

transcription factors

A

special proteins that control which genes turn on, when receptors are activated, they act as transcription factor to turn on specific genes

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16
Q

what happens if a receptor is a cell membrane protein instead of inside the cell

A

transduction stage is multi step, amplifying response

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17
Q

protein kinase

A

enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein thus phosphorylating the protein

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18
Q

phosphorylation cascade

A

series of chemical reactions during cell signaling mediated by enzymes (kinases), in which each kinase phosphorylates and activates another, leading to phosphorylation of many proteins

19
Q

protein phosphatases

A

enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins (dephosphorylation)

20
Q

2nd messengers

A

small, nonprotein, water soluble or ion, relays a signal to cell’s interior in response to signaling molecule bound by signal receptor protein, example: cyclic AMP

21
Q

signal transduction

A

process in which a chemical signal is converted to a cellular response

22
Q

phosphorylation cascades

A

involve series of protein kinases- enzymes that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, one way to activate pathway

23
Q

how does a cell turn off a pathway

A

cell uses protein phosphatases- enzymes that can rapidly remove P groups in dephosphorylation

24
Q

why do protein modifications occur in signal transduction

A

signaling pathway involves activating/deactivating proteins, which usually involves a change in shape of protein molecule

25
Q

programmed cell death

A

prevents self-fertilization, reproductive development, cell death releases nutrients and polen

26
Q

cell specializaition

A

during embryonic development, cells increase in number and undergo cell differentiation become specialized in structure and function

27
Q

morphogenesis

A

development of the form of an organism and its structures

28
Q

cytoplasmic determinant

A

maternal substance, such as proteinor RNA< that when placed into an egg, influences the course of early development by regulating expression of genes that effect developmental fate of cells

29
Q

induction

A

process in which one group of embryonic cells influences development of another, usually by causing changes in gene expression

30
Q

determination

A

point at which an embryonic cells is irreversibly committed to becoming a particular cell type

31
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death brought about by activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell, occurs in infected/damaged cells and protects neighboring cells from damage (leaked digestive enzymes)

32
Q

how is apoptosis triggered

A

by signal transduction pathways which activate cascade of apoptotic “suicide” proteins in cels destined to die

33
Q

pattern formation

A

development of multi cellular organism’s spacial organization, arrangements of organs and tissues

34
Q

positional information

A

molecular cues that control pattern formation by indicating cell’s location relative to organism[’s body axes

35
Q

embryonic lethals

A

mutations with phenotypes causing death at embryonic or larval stage

36
Q

maternal effect gene

A

when mutant in mother, results in mutant phenotype in offspring regardless of offspring’s genotype

37
Q

morphogen

A

establishes embryo’s axis

38
Q

single celled signal transduction pathways

A

influence how the cell responds to its environment

39
Q

multi celled signal transduction pathways

A

coordinate activities within individual cells that support function (epinephrine)

40
Q

gene expression

A

signal transduction pathways can result in regulation of protein synthesis by activation/deactivation of a gene

41
Q

cytokines

A

small protein molecules used in intercellular signaling mediate protein synthesis, some are growth factors stimulating growth while others are inhibitory/signal for cell death

42
Q

gebberellins

A

group of chemicals that affect protein synthesis in plants

43
Q

signal transmission between cells

A

can mediate cell function example change in metabolism

44
Q

diabetes

A

cells have signaling pathway beginning with insulin receptor and resulting in cell taking in glucose, in type I diabetes, no insulin (signaling molecule) to bind to receptor

AP Biology (26 decks)

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