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AP Biology > 1.3 > Flashcards

1.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

macromolecules

A

made by bonding smaller molecules into chains called polymers

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2
Q

polymers

A

large molecules composed of identical subunits-monomers linked by covalent bonds

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3
Q

what are polymers made of

A

each polymer is made of different types of monomers but polymerization (how cells make polymers) is similar

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4
Q

enzymes

A

special macromolecules (catalysts) that speed up chemical reactions

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5
Q

condensation reaction

A

connects a monomer to another monomer or a polymer, 2 molecules covalently bonded to each other w/ loss of small molecule

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6
Q

dehydration reaction

A

if water is the molecule lost in a condensation reaction, each reactant contributes to part of water molecule

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7
Q

hydrolysis

A

water breakage, polymers break down to monomers, chemical reaction that breaks bonds between 2 molecules by the addition of water ex: digestion

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8
Q

carbohydrates

A

(glyco), energy source, sugars and sugar polymers, multiple of CnH2On

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9
Q

list 3 types of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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10
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars (monomers for complex carbohydrates), nutrients, cells extract energy from glucose

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11
Q

disaccharides

A

double sugars (2 monosaccharides joined by covalent bonds/glycosidic linkage), must be broken into monosaccharides to be used for energy

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12
Q

polysaccharides

A

(macromolecules) polymers composed of many sugar building blocks joined by dehydration reactions, plants and animals store sugars in the form of storage polysaccharides

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13
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond between monosaccharides by dehydration reaction

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14
Q

starch

A

plants store starch, polymer of glucose monomers, represents stored energy (glucose)

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15
Q

glycogen

A

animals store polysaccharide called glycogen- extensively branched in liver and muscle cells

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16
Q

cellulose

A

structural polysaccharides, component of plant cell walls, starch and cellulose- carbon 1 carbon 4 glycosidic linkages, 2 ring forms for glucose: a+ b, enzymes that digest starch by hydrolosizing a linkages cant hydrolosize b- different shapes

17
Q

chitin

A

carbohydrate used by arthropods to build exoskeletons, fungi cell walls

18
Q

lipids

A

any group of large biological molecules ex fats, phospholipids, steroids, that mix poorly with water if at all

19
Q

fat molecule

A

3 fatty acids bind to glycerol molecule called triglyceride, hydrophobic: 3 non polar hydro carbon tails, energy storage: tails store potential energy

20
Q

fatty acid

A

carboxylic acid with long carbon chain

21
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

all carbons connected by single bonds maximizing number of hydrogen atoms attached to carbon skeleton

22
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

one or more double bonds reducing hydrogen atoms attachment, liquid at room temp: kinks in cis-double bond

23
Q

trans fat

A

unsaturated fat formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils containing one or more trans double bonds

24
Q

hydrogenation

A

adding hydrogens to solidify

25
Q

phospholipids

A

(cell membrane) glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group, H-C chains- non polar, rest of molecule polar hydrophilic head

26
Q

steriods

A

lipid characterized by carbon skeleton with four fused rings with chemical groups attached

27
Q

cholesteral

A

steroid, component of animal cell membranes

28
Q

porteins

A

large biological macromolecules made up of amino acids, 50% dry weight of cells

29
Q

amino acids

A

monomer of protein, consists of amino group and carboxyl group (smaller molecules), bond together to form large protein molecules by losing hydrogen atom of amino group and oxygen + hydrogen atoms from carboxylic group- allows single bonds to form between nitrogen of 1 and carbon of next

30
Q

carboxylic acid group

A

1 carbon atom, 2 oxygen, 1 hydrogen (in sugar molecules)

31
Q

side chain of amino acid

A

only part of molecular structure that varies between 20 different amino acids that can make up a protein, always attached to central carbon by single covalent bonds

32
Q

nucleic acids

A

dna and rna, chain of nucleotides bonded together

33
Q

DNA

A

carry genetic information found in nucleus

34
Q

RNA

A

parts of cell where proteins are built

35
Q

nucleotide

A

monomer of nucleotide, made up of nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group

AP Biology (26 decks)

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