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AP Biology > 2.1-2.3 > Flashcards

2.1-2.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what do all cells have

A

plasma membrane with cytosol/cytoplasm inside, chromosomes and ribosomes

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2
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

dna in nucleus, larger, plasma membrane

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3
Q

prokaryotic

A

dna in nucleoid (non membrane enclosed) bacteria and archae

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4
Q

plasma membrane

A

selective barrier allows passage of nutrients, as cell increases in size, surface area grows less than volume, each organelle also surrounded by membrane made of lipids

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5
Q

surface area

A

greater ratio of surface area to volume, important in cells that exchange a lot of material with surroundings

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6
Q

organelles

A

divide the cell into compartments with different environments to support metabolic functions

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7
Q

phospholipids in relation to organelles

A

membranes of organelles have double layer of phospholipids with proteins embedded

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8
Q

nucleus

A

contains most genes in eukaryotic cell

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9
Q

nuclear envelope

A

encloses nucleus, separates contents from cytoplasm, double membrane (2 lipid bilayers) perforated by pores

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10
Q

nuclear lamina

A

netlike array of protein filaments/intermediate that maintains shape of nucleus by mechanically supporting nuclear envelope

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11
Q

chromosomes

A

structures that carry genetic information, contains 1 long DNA molecule and proteins

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12
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA and proteins that make up eukaryotic chromosomes, when cell is not dividing, dispersed form

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13
Q

how many chromosomes do most human cells have

A

46, sex cells-23

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14
Q

nucleolus

A

specialized structure in the nucleus consisting of chromosomal regions containing rRNA genes and ribosomal proteins

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15
Q

ribosomes

A

complex made of rRNA and protein, cellular components that carry out protein synthesis (not membrane bound-not organelle)

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16
Q

free ribosomes

A

in cytosol, catalyze sugar breakdown

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17
Q

bound ribosomes

A

attached to endoplasmic reticulum/nuclear envelope, make proteins to insert in membranes, free and bound same

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18
Q

endomembrane system

A

collection of membranes in and around eukaryotic cell: nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum…

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19
Q

vesicles

A

membranous sac in cytoplasm

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20
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

extensive network of membranes composed of ribosomes studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth) regions

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21
Q

smooth Er

A

diverse metabolic processes: synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs, storage of calcium ions

22
Q

detoxification

A

adding hydroxyl groups to drug molecules to make more water soluble to flush from body

23
Q

rough ER

A

polypeptide chain grows from bound ribosome, chain threaded into ER lumen through a pore, polypeptide folds into functional shape, makes secretory proteins and membranes

24
Q

where do secreted proteins depart from and what is the most common type

A

most secreted proteins, glycoproteins (1 or more covalently attached carbohydrate), depart from ER in vesicles

25
Q

transport vesicles

A

vesicles in transit from one part of cell to another

26
Q

golgi apparatus

A

stacks of flat membranous sacs (cisterna) that modify, store, and route products of ER and synthesize products (non cellulose carbohydrates), manufactures some macromolecules

27
Q

2 sides of golgi stack

A

cis: er adds contents, trans: sends contents

28
Q

lysosome

A

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that cells use to digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules, 3 dimensional shapes of lysosomal proteins protect bonds from enzymatic attack, intracellular digestion

29
Q

phagocytosis

A

type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell

30
Q

what do lysosomes use hydrolytic enzymes for

A

lysosomes use hydrolytic enzymes to recycle cells own organic material- autophagy

31
Q

vacuoles

A

large vesicles derived from endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus

32
Q

food vauoles

A

membranous sac formed by phagocytosis used as food by cell

33
Q

contractile vauoles

A

pump excess water out of the cell

34
Q

central vacuole

A

large membranous sac used in growth storage and sequestration of toxic substances

35
Q

mitochondria function

A

site of cellular respiration, uses oxygen to drive generation of ATP by extracting energy from fuels

36
Q

chloroplasts

A

sites of photosynthesis, function in photosynthetic production of sugar, consists of thylakoids, granum, stroma

37
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

early ancestor or eukaryotic cells engulfed oxygen using non photosynthetic prokaryotic cell (mitochondria), cells formed relationship becoming endosymbiont, took up photosynthetic prokaryote (chloroplasts)

38
Q

cristae

A

infolding of inner membrane of mitochondrion, giver inner membrane large surface area enhancing productivity of cellular respiration

39
Q

mitochondrion structure

A

2 internal compartments, inter membrane space, mitochondrial matrix

40
Q

inter membrane space

A

region between inner and outer membrane

41
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

compartment of mitochondrion enclosed by inner membrane containing enzymes and substrates for citric acid cycle and ribosomes and DNA

42
Q

thylakoids

A

flattened membranous sac inside chloroplasts often in stacks called grana

43
Q

granum

A

stack of membrane bounded thylakoids in chloroplasts, function in light reactions of photosynthesis

44
Q

stroma

A

fluid surrounding thylakoid membrane containing ribosomes and DNA

45
Q

plastid

A

closely related organelles (chlorophyl, chromophyl, amylophyl)

46
Q

peroxisome

A

organelle containing enzymes, transfer hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms producing and degrading hydrogen peroxide

47
Q

what is the cell wall made of

A

cellulose, polysaccharides, imbedded proteins maintain shape of cell and prevent excess intake or loss of water

48
Q

nucleolus

A

synthesis of ribosomes

49
Q

mitochondria

A

take nutrients and break down releasing energy

50
Q

chloroplasts

A

light dependent reactions- grana, light independent reactions- chloroplasts

AP Biology (26 decks)

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