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Biology > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gametes

A

Are the reproductive cells that transmit genes from one generation to the next

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2
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have in the somatic cells

A

46 or 23 pairs

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3
Q

Somatic cells

A

All cells in the body except the sex( gametes)

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4
Q

Alleles

A

A lot of different genes that can code for traits

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5
Q

Locus in a chromosome

A

Specific location

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6
Q

Where does synapsis or crossing over occur in meiosis?

A

Prophase 1-this is where the genes crossover to incorporate different traits for the offspring

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7
Q

Epistasis

A

Is where one gene will determine if another gene will be expressed

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8
Q

Pleiotrophy or pleiotrophic affect

A

One gene that controls different characteristics or traits

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9
Q

Polygenetic inheritqnce

A

Multiple genes control express one trait

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10
Q

Homologous chromosome

A

Chromosomes that have identical length and inherent controlling properties for traits. These can pair up and are represented on humans karyotype

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11
Q

Karyotype

A

Images of autosomes and the pair of sex chromosomes

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12
Q

In oogenesis, how many haploid cells are made

A

I’m the ovum there is one haploid made and a second polar body

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13
Q

Chiasmata

A

X shaped region where crossing over occurs

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14
Q

Crossing over does what to chromosomes

A

Creates recombinant chromosomes- carry genes from 2 parents

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15
Q

Mutations from crossing over

A

Deletion
Duplication.
Translocation
Inversion

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16
Q

Random fertilization

A

Fusion of gametes will produce a zygote with about 64 trillion diploid combinations

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17
Q

Independent assortment

A

Each pair of chromosomes sorts it’s maternal and paternal homologous into daughter cells independently

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18
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance
Genes come in pairs from parents

Dominant and recessive traits

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19
Q

Character

A

A heritable feature, such as flower color

20
Q

Trait

A

A variant of a character such as purple or white flowers

21
Q

P generation

A

The true breeding parents

22
Q

F1 generation

A

The hybrid offspring of the P generation

23
Q

F2 generation

A

The offspring when F1 individuals self pollinate

24
Q

Dominant Allen

A

Determines the organisms appearance

25
Q

Recessive Allen

A

Has no noticeable effect on the organisms appearance unless homozygous

26
Q

Homozygous

A

Has a pair of identical alleles for that gene- exhibits tru breeding

27
Q

Heterozygous

A

Has a pair of alleles that are different for that gene

28
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance

29
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup

30
Q

Codominance

A

Two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate distinguishable ways. Like human blood type AB

31
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

The phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes or the two paternal varieties. Flowers that are red and white make a pink flower. Mixed

32
Q

Hybridization

A

Mating two contrasting things. That’s what medel did with the peas

33
Q

Tay Sachs disease

A

Occurs because of an enzyme that isn’t functioning properly and cause lipids to build up in their brain

34
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Defect in chloride channel transport proteins in cells

Chloride ions and water are trapped inside cells walls and cause thick mucus

35
Q

Sickle cell

A

Supsitutuon of a single amino acid int the hemoglobin proteins in red blood cells

36
Q

Down’s syndrome

A

Extra copy of chromosome 21 causes short stature mental retardation, fissures tongue, Senor always creases in the palm

37
Q

Nondisjunction of autosomes

A

Chromosomes may be separated unequally causeing more less or none to appear in gametes

38
Q

Five kingdom system of classification

A

Kingdom plantar kingdom animal is
Kingdom fungi
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom miners

39
Q

The three domains

A

Domain bacteria
Domain archae
Domain eukarya

40
Q

Linnaeus

A

Taxonomy. A way of cataloging the diversity of life

He was a seed dish botanists
Came up with categories for naming such as Homo sapiens

He had two classifications kingdom plantae and anomalia

41
Q

Classification order

A

Kong’s play chest on five Greene squares

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum 
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
42
Q

Darwin

A

Proposed the revolution of present day
Went on a voyage to discover different species had similarities or same adaptations
Wrote a book called the origin of species

43
Q

Darwin observation 1

A

Members of a population often vary in their inheritance

44
Q

Observation 2

A

All species can produce more offspring than there environment can support and many of the offspring fail to survive

45
Q

Darwin inference

A

Ore suitable individuals leave more offspring

46
Q

Natural selection

A

Is the process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

47
Q

Artificial selection

A

Choosing the most fit or desired traits to breed

Biology (23 decks)

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