Unit 2 Flashcards
Epithelial cells
Skin cells that do not live very long
Plasma membrane helps with what
Ensures cells structure integrity
Regulates flow of materials into/ out of cell
Maintain chemical composition of the cytoplasm
Participated in cellular communication
Forms a cellular identification system
Aids in the cell metabolic process
Glycoprotein
Sugar hooked up with protein/ any class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain
Fluid mosaic model
Explains various observations regarding the structure of functional cell membrane. Also shows what’s floating in the cell membrane ( proteins such as phospholipids and sometimes cholesterol float)
Mosaic
Bunch of things put together
What are some functions of the membrane proteins
Transport Enzymatic activity Signal transduction Cell-cell recognition Intercellular joining Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular
What role do phospholipids play in the cell membrane
They form the majority of the molecules
They form a bilayer when surrounded by water
Selective permeability
Selective about what is let’s in the cell. This is important so it does let let anything harmful in
Diffusion
Molecules have instrinsic kinetic energy which allows them to diffuse or spread out; net movement of molecules is from an area of high concentration of the substance to a low concentration until an equilibrium is reached
Concentration gradient
A depiction of the movement of a substance from either a low to high or high to low area of concentration. Usually uses a triangle from base as high to tip being low
Passive transport
Simple diffusion across membrane For example oxygen or urea
Osmosis
Diffusion of solvent across selectively permeable membrane from a low concentration of solutes to a high concentration of solute
Hypertonic solution/ environment compared to cell
Water from cell will be flowing from cell to higher concentration of solutes to create an equilibrium
Hypotonic solution/ environment compared to the cell
Diffusion of solvent across the cell membrane to the area in the cell of higher solute concentration to reach an equilibrium
Isotonic
Both cell and solution contain equal solutes compared to each other
osmotic pressure
The pressure that would be needed to be applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passions into a given solution by osmosis. Mostly used to express the concentration of a solution
Crenated
A process from the result of osmosis that causes a red blood cell in a hypertonic environment to undergo shrinkage
Cell walls are mainly composed of?
Cellulose -chains of glucose monomers-polysaccharide
How many amino acids are there?
20 amino acids
Amino acid is what?
A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl(-COOH) and an amino (-NH₂) group
What makes amino acids differ from each other?
The R group or side chain that it attaches to the carbon
Amino acid with a charge is?
Ionized. H
|
\+H3N-C-Coo-
|
RAn amino acid with no charge is called?
Non ionized
H
|
H2N-C-COOH
Greek letter for partial charge
δ− or δ+
These are created due to an asymmetric distribution of bonded electrons. For ex. In HCl covalent bond the shared electrons oscillate between the atoms
The acidic group in amino acid is what functional group?
Carboxyl
What is the amino group?
NH2
Peptide
A compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain, the carboxyl group of each acid being joined to the amino group of the next
Primary protein structure
Peptide Bonds with that are ionized
Secondary protein structure
Folding or cooking of the polypeptide into a repeating configuration. Helix or pleated. Cause by hydrogen bonds
Tertiary protein structure
Bother helical and pleated shapes together to from a 3D shaped that can be held together by things like disulfide bonds. R groups interactions and amino groups interactions form this
Quaternary
Protein structure that results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits
Denaturation
Taking all the properties( secondary and tertiary ) away. They are being disrupted. This can sometimes.l be reversed or or reversed. Like frying an egg is irreversible but straightening your hairs can be reversed reversed is renaturation
What causes renaturation or denaturation
Can occur by changes in temperature pH or salt
Transmembrane
Existing or occurring across cell membrane
Facilitated diffusion
Proteins helps make substance move across membrane through this process.
Passive transport
Doesn’t need energy for moving substances across membrane
Channel proteins
Allows certain molecule to cross ie. aquoporins only for water
Carrier protein
Bonds to molecule, changes the shape and then spits it out. Ie. sugars
An+/K+ pump
Actice transport. Requires ATP 70% of energy from glucose in the brain is used for this pump.
The steps
1 binding of NA to the protein stimulates phosphorylation
- Phosph. Causes the protein to change its confirmation
- The protein change expels NA to the outside of cells where extracellular K bonds
- K binding to the protein causes phosphate group to be released
- Loss of phosphate from proton makes it go back to original conformation
- K is released and NA sites are receptive again so cycle repeats
ATP stands for what?
Adenosine Triphosphate
Cells fractionation
Takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another
What are the two cell types
Eukaryotic(with a true nucleus)
Prokaryotic (before a true nucleus)
Eukaryotic are generally bigger
True nucleus means
Has a nuclear membrane
Examples of prokaryotes
Bacteria archea -hangs out in old places
Phagocyte
A cell that’s capable of engulfing other cells or bacteria
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have?
Cell membrane
Fluid called cytosol
Chromosomes that hold dna
Ribosomes than make protein cells
