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Biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Epithelial cells

A

Skin cells that do not live very long

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2
Q

Plasma membrane helps with what

A

Ensures cells structure integrity
Regulates flow of materials into/ out of cell
Maintain chemical composition of the cytoplasm
Participated in cellular communication
Forms a cellular identification system
Aids in the cell metabolic process

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3
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Sugar hooked up with protein/ any class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain

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4
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Explains various observations regarding the structure of functional cell membrane. Also shows what’s floating in the cell membrane ( proteins such as phospholipids and sometimes cholesterol float)

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5
Q

Mosaic

A

Bunch of things put together

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6
Q

What are some functions of the membrane proteins

A 
Transport
Enzymatic activity
Signal transduction
Cell-cell recognition
Intercellular joining
Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular
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7
Q

What role do phospholipids play in the cell membrane

A

They form the majority of the molecules

They form a bilayer when surrounded by water

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8
Q

Selective permeability

A

Selective about what is let’s in the cell. This is important so it does let let anything harmful in

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9
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules have instrinsic kinetic energy which allows them to diffuse or spread out; net movement of molecules is from an area of high concentration of the substance to a low concentration until an equilibrium is reached

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10
Q

Concentration gradient

A

A depiction of the movement of a substance from either a low to high or high to low area of concentration. Usually uses a triangle from base as high to tip being low

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11
Q

Passive transport

A

Simple diffusion across membrane For example oxygen or urea

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12
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of solvent across selectively permeable membrane from a low concentration of solutes to a high concentration of solute

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13
Q

Hypertonic solution/ environment compared to cell

A

Water from cell will be flowing from cell to higher concentration of solutes to create an equilibrium

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14
Q

Hypotonic solution/ environment compared to the cell

A

Diffusion of solvent across the cell membrane to the area in the cell of higher solute concentration to reach an equilibrium

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15
Q

Isotonic

A

Both cell and solution contain equal solutes compared to each other

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16
Q

osmotic pressure

A

The pressure that would be needed to be applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passions into a given solution by osmosis. Mostly used to express the concentration of a solution

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17
Q

Crenated

A

A process from the result of osmosis that causes a red blood cell in a hypertonic environment to undergo shrinkage

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18
Q

Cell walls are mainly composed of?

A

Cellulose -chains of glucose monomers-polysaccharide

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19
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20 amino acids

20
Q

Amino acid is what?

A

A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl(-COOH) and an amino (-NH₂) group

21
Q

What makes amino acids differ from each other?

A

The R group or side chain that it attaches to the carbon

22
Q

Amino acid with a charge is?

A 
Ionized.     H 
                   |
      \+H3N-C-Coo-
                   |
                   R
23
Q

An amino acid with no charge is called?

A

Non ionized
H
|
H2N-C-COOH

24
Q

Greek letter for partial charge

A

δ− or δ+

These are created due to an asymmetric distribution of bonded electrons. For ex. In HCl covalent bond the shared electrons oscillate between the atoms

25
Q

The acidic group in amino acid is what functional group?

A

Carboxyl

26
Q

What is the amino group?

A

NH2

27
Q

Peptide

A

A compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain, the carboxyl group of each acid being joined to the amino group of the next

28
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Peptide Bonds with that are ionized

29
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Folding or cooking of the polypeptide into a repeating configuration. Helix or pleated. Cause by hydrogen bonds

30
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

Bother helical and pleated shapes together to from a 3D shaped that can be held together by things like disulfide bonds. R groups interactions and amino groups interactions form this

31
Q

Quaternary

A

Protein structure that results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits

32
Q

Denaturation

A

Taking all the properties( secondary and tertiary ) away. They are being disrupted. This can sometimes.l be reversed or or reversed. Like frying an egg is irreversible but straightening your hairs can be reversed reversed is renaturation

33
Q

What causes renaturation or denaturation

A

Can occur by changes in temperature pH or salt

34
Q

Transmembrane

A

Existing or occurring across cell membrane

35
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Proteins helps make substance move across membrane through this process.

36
Q

Passive transport

A

Doesn’t need energy for moving substances across membrane

37
Q

Channel proteins

A

Allows certain molecule to cross ie. aquoporins only for water

38
Q

Carrier protein

A

Bonds to molecule, changes the shape and then spits it out. Ie. sugars

39
Q

An+/K+ pump

A

Actice transport. Requires ATP 70% of energy from glucose in the brain is used for this pump.

The steps

1 binding of NA to the protein stimulates phosphorylation

  1. Phosph. Causes the protein to change its confirmation
  2. The protein change expels NA to the outside of cells where extracellular K bonds
  3. K binding to the protein causes phosphate group to be released
  4. Loss of phosphate from proton makes it go back to original conformation
  5. K is released and NA sites are receptive again so cycle repeats
40
Q

ATP stands for what?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

41
Q

Cells fractionation

A

Takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another

42
Q

What are the two cell types

A

Eukaryotic(with a true nucleus)
Prokaryotic (before a true nucleus)

Eukaryotic are generally bigger

43
Q

True nucleus means

A

Has a nuclear membrane

44
Q

Examples of prokaryotes

A

Bacteria archea -hangs out in old places

45
Q

Phagocyte

A

A cell that’s capable of engulfing other cells or bacteria

46
Q

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have?

A

Cell membrane
Fluid called cytosol
Chromosomes that hold dna
Ribosomes than make protein cells

Biology (23 decks)

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