Early Life And Diversification Of Prokaryotes Flashcards
Dichotomy of cells
Prokaryotes which have no membrane bounded organelles only plasma membrane no mitochondria or chloroplast
Eukaryotes have nucleus that is membrane bounded along with other organelles
What are the three domains
Eukarya
Archae
Prokarya
Hadeon eon
We’re the earth was abiotic and super hot so there no life. It was inhospitable
Cell theory
Cells come only from preexisting cells. They don’t just pop into existence. They reproduce cells. However there was a time when cells came from raw materials that were put into place
What is still the dominant type of cells? Why?
Prokaryotes
There are the most alive
Specifically bacteria
How do you get bacterial colonies
A single bacterium will divide causing more and more through binary fusion that causes something humans can see
Prokaryotes and bacteria are ubiquitous. What does this mean
That they occur everywhere effectively in the biosphere
What’s happening to the thickness of the biosphere
It’s expanding because we keep finding life where we thought it couldn’t exist. Specifically far below the ground.
How many cells make up a human body
10 to 100 trillion of human cells with ones DNA
However our cells are vastly outnumbered by bacteria living in and on us
What major macromolecules make up cells. These are categories
Polypeptides
Polynucleotides
Lipids
Polysaccharides
What does organic mean in chemistry
Has carbon attached to hydrogen
The simplest organi
What are the simplest organic compounds
Hydrocarbon
The simplest is methane CH4.
Early earth had plenty of what
Organic compounds. Such as methane
Carbon based things
What led to cells coming into existence
The simplest compounds coming together to make the monomers of the categories that cells need that also build to further produce polymers of the cell to give the ingredients
Experiment in the early 50s
Tried to mimick early conditions of the earth to demonstrate that even though amino acids and othe organic molecules that are necessary for cells weren’t around that they could spontaneously come into existence through energy input
They used labatory glass ware to mimick earths ocean and then they heated it and fitted it with Eli tides that sparked to mimick lightning. They waited for weeks and samples what was in the ocean and got different things such as amino acid. This demonstrates that the ingredients for cells could happen with energy and the right type of atoms
Biological amino acids
There is 20 but there is technically an infinite amount by changing the type
The molecules that make up cells that were made by energy input made amino acids and other macromolecules specifically that things that make membranes. What makes up these plasma membranes
Phospholipid bilayer
Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.
Phosphate head that is polar
Non polar tail that don’t like water
Phospholipids are examples of what
Amphipathic -dual preference
Only certain types of molecules are like this.
Part of the molecule is polar and part of it is no. Polar. This greatly affects the behavior of molecules towards each other
Phospholipids do what
Self assemble to a bilayer. This leads to the plasma membrane in cells. They do this based on the polar and non polar ends
Cell like bags made out of phospholipid bilayer are called what
Cell vesicles
Cell vesicles eventually will do what?
Eventually by chance contain the molecules needed for metabolism and then a successful cell that could reproduce
Catalysis
The action of a catalyst
All the processes of Modern cells require catalyst
These catalyst are mostly made of proteins
What do hints can act as a catalytic converters
Certain clays that can allow certain things to come into existence that give rise to cells
Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic bacteria
These didn’t come on until after stromatolites and non photosynthetic bacteria
What were the first photosynthetic things
Bacteria were first before plants algae
What fundamentally changes the world
Photosynthetic bacteria or Cyanobacteria because early on in earth history there was no oxygen in the earths atmosphere
By these bacteria oxygen was released into the world since photosynthesis give a bioroduct of oxygen. This led to cellular respiration or aerobic respiration
Bacteria also invented respiration
What is the non exciting part of prokaryotes
Their morphology
What are the three major categories of bacteria shapes
Spherical
Rod shaped
Spiral or helical
Not much variety
What is the bacteria’s claim to fame
Biochemical versatility
If anything is possible biochemically a bacteria can do it and they can do almost anything
They can make vitamins.
Humans rely on them
Bacteria have what outside of their plasma membrane
Cell wall that protects the membrane from pressurization from osmosis. Bacteria needs this for survival
What is outside the cell wall of a bedteria
Cell capsule that is usually sticky
Proces
Verb for to stick out from cell
Not on every bacteria
An example is frimbriae
Example sod cell procesis
Flagellum
Frimbriae
Flagellum are used for what
Locomotion
This moves the cell from point a to b
They act as little propellers and are molecular machines
Complex sets of proteins have a stator and and rotator that connects to helical flagellum that pushes on the medium and propels cells through
With respect to feeding what are the two major categories of organisms in the world
There are autotrophs and Heterotrophs autrophs are producers
Heterotrophs are consumers
Trophy refers to what
Feeding
Auto means self
Hetero means others
What do all autrophs do
Use carbon from an inorganic molecule like CO2 and they use it to make organic compounds to make organic compounds.
Carbon fixation
Taking carbon from an inorganic molecule and fixing it into an organism of type. This is what autotrophs do
Everything living needs what
An energy source and a carbon source
Photo autotroph
Using light as an energy source to along with an inorganic carbon source
Chenoautotrophs
Use chemical energy and inorganic compounds as their energy source and then their carbon source is also inorganic compounds
These are unique to certain prokaryotes
Photoheterotroph
Uses light as energy source and energy organic compounds as carbon source.
Unique to some aquatic salt loving prokaryotes
Chemoautotroph
Uses organic compounds for both energy source and carbon source
All animals some plants and fungi and protists
The only examples of chemoautotrophs and the photoheterotrophs are
Prokaryotes. They are the only ones who can do this
Points out the impressive biochemical complexity of prokaryotes
Where does cellular respiration occur in human
The mitochondria in eukaryotes
Maximizes atp from the fuel from food
How fidnpromaryotes create cellular respiration
By elaborating or folding their plasma membrane multiple times
It accomplishes the same thing as the mitochondria
Same thing for photosynthesis
Led to oxygen
What is another difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes besides their membrane boundedness
A prokaryotic cell features one chromosome where a eukaryotic cell has some number of chromosomes.
TheDNA In prokaryotic cell is circular
Eukaryotic is linear
Prokayote needs all of the genes on the chromosome
There could be chromosomal genes and then additional genes on plastids that are unnecessary for survival.
What are the two processes that DNA are directly involved in
Replication and transcription
Plasmids allow for what
The prokaryote to do different things. Can code for other proteins
Colonial lifestyle
A group of the same cells sticking together for survival
Prokaryotes are mostly considered unicellular or multicellular
Unicellular but there are arguments and examples for multi
Multi is reserved for eukaryotes however
Horizontal gene transfer
Any way an organisms gives its genes to another without the other organisms being an offspring
Prokaryotes undergo horizontal gene transfer through what 3 ways ?
Transformation- a bacterium is able to take up naked DNA from the environment. Any DNA from a deceased cell. Bacterium could take this DNA to the cell and start using it as if it was its own DNA. Doesn’t have to be another bacterium’s DNA - this is allowed because of the universal genetic code
Transduction- has involves a virus called a bacteria phage( bacterium water misnomer)
Bacteria phage connects to host and causes a shape change that inject the DNA from the virus into the cell. DNA get replicated and multiple Cipuew of the viral DNA. Then transcription occurs on the viral DNA gene by gene to make proteins. Proteins are for the coat for the DNA and so many viruses are produce and explodes the cell. Sometimes bacteria can survive. It can now incoperate viral DNA into the chromosome as it’s own.
Conjugation- join together and similar to sex
Through (sex pilus) or conjugation tube
One of two bacteria can make the tube through extra gene from the chromosome on a plasmid. Conjugation tube goes to another bacteria that doesn’t have the plasmid and then give it to the other bacteria after it’s been replicated in the original. It then gets replicated by the receiving bacteria and then also get replicated an so on
Are viruses organisms
No virus is an organism
Small collection of molecules-polynucleotide and a protein shell
Extremophiles
Lovers of extremes. Archean sometimes like these conditions that most things can’t live
Thermiphiles thrives in these extreme temperatures
Halo phones are salt lovers that live In salinity that would kill almost anything
Symbiosis
The condition of living together.
It can be good for both species or favor one and be dentrimental to another
Examples are bacteria in the soil for plants help take up nutrients
Or chemical fluorescents from bacteria that live in fish at super low depths of the ocean. This is an example of endosymbiosis
Mutualistic symbiosis
Both are helped is the relationship
With the fact that prokaryotes have biochemical versatility what can humans do with them to help us
Is them for machinery and put them to work like ethanol can be produced from feeding bacteria.
Or making insulin can come from bacteria or be a source
Bacteria can also be used to clean up our messes or organic material that’s not natural stuff it being organic means a bacteria can use it as food. We can find this bacteria or modify one. This is called bioremediation
