Early Life And Diversification Of Prokaryotes Flashcards
Dichotomy of cells
Prokaryotes which have no membrane bounded organelles only plasma membrane no mitochondria or chloroplast
Eukaryotes have nucleus that is membrane bounded along with other organelles
What are the three domains
Eukarya
Archae
Prokarya
Hadeon eon
We’re the earth was abiotic and super hot so there no life. It was inhospitable
Cell theory
Cells come only from preexisting cells. They don’t just pop into existence. They reproduce cells. However there was a time when cells came from raw materials that were put into place
What is still the dominant type of cells? Why?
Prokaryotes
There are the most alive
Specifically bacteria
How do you get bacterial colonies
A single bacterium will divide causing more and more through binary fusion that causes something humans can see
Prokaryotes and bacteria are ubiquitous. What does this mean
That they occur everywhere effectively in the biosphere
What’s happening to the thickness of the biosphere
It’s expanding because we keep finding life where we thought it couldn’t exist. Specifically far below the ground.
How many cells make up a human body
10 to 100 trillion of human cells with ones DNA
However our cells are vastly outnumbered by bacteria living in and on us
What major macromolecules make up cells. These are categories
Polypeptides
Polynucleotides
Lipids
Polysaccharides
What does organic mean in chemistry
Has carbon attached to hydrogen
The simplest organi
What are the simplest organic compounds
Hydrocarbon
The simplest is methane CH4.
Early earth had plenty of what
Organic compounds. Such as methane
Carbon based things
What led to cells coming into existence
The simplest compounds coming together to make the monomers of the categories that cells need that also build to further produce polymers of the cell to give the ingredients
Experiment in the early 50s
Tried to mimick early conditions of the earth to demonstrate that even though amino acids and othe organic molecules that are necessary for cells weren’t around that they could spontaneously come into existence through energy input
They used labatory glass ware to mimick earths ocean and then they heated it and fitted it with Eli tides that sparked to mimick lightning. They waited for weeks and samples what was in the ocean and got different things such as amino acid. This demonstrates that the ingredients for cells could happen with energy and the right type of atoms
Biological amino acids
There is 20 but there is technically an infinite amount by changing the type
The molecules that make up cells that were made by energy input made amino acids and other macromolecules specifically that things that make membranes. What makes up these plasma membranes
Phospholipid bilayer
Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.
Phosphate head that is polar
Non polar tail that don’t like water
Phospholipids are examples of what
Amphipathic -dual preference
Only certain types of molecules are like this.
Part of the molecule is polar and part of it is no. Polar. This greatly affects the behavior of molecules towards each other
Phospholipids do what
Self assemble to a bilayer. This leads to the plasma membrane in cells. They do this based on the polar and non polar ends
Cell like bags made out of phospholipid bilayer are called what
Cell vesicles
Cell vesicles eventually will do what?
Eventually by chance contain the molecules needed for metabolism and then a successful cell that could reproduce
Catalysis
The action of a catalyst
All the processes of Modern cells require catalyst
These catalyst are mostly made of proteins
What do hints can act as a catalytic converters
Certain clays that can allow certain things to come into existence that give rise to cells
